ENDNOTES 94 ‘Death penalty: Global coalition closer than ever as record number of countries vote to end executions’, Amnesty International, 17 December 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/ latest/news/2018/12/global-abolition-closerthan-ever-as-record-number-of-countriesvote-to-end-executions. 95 Ibid. 96 ‘Burkina Faso Abolishes the Death Penalty’, TV360 Nigeria, 1 June 2018, www.tv360nigeria.com/burkinafaso-abolishes-death-penalty/?utm_ source=LEDAP+Newsletter&utm_ campaign=ff7e867704-EMAIL_ CAMPAIGN_2018_05_30_04_35_ COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_ term=0_c2c1a7c734-ff7e867704-85913007. 97 ‘Malaysia set to abolish the death penalty, in move which could spare lives of women accused of killing Kim Jong-nam’, The Telegraph, 11 October 2018, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/11/ malaysia-set-abolish-death-penaltymove-could-spare-lives-women, ‘Malaysia to abolish the Death Penalty’, International Drug Policy Consortium, 17 October 2018, idpc.net/alerts/2018/10/ malaysia-to-abolish-death-penalty?utm_ source=IDPC+Monthly+Alert+%28English%29&utm_campaign=9a3136a0ca-IDPC+November+Alert+2018&utm_ medium=email&utm_term=0_801bc38237-9a3136a0ca-151915299. 98 ‘Gambia commits to full abolition of the death penalty’, World Coalition against the Death Penalty, 26th October 2018, www.worldcoalition.org/Gambia-RatifiesSecond-Optional-Protocol.html. 99 Status of ratification for the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, indicators.ohchr.org. 100 ‘Caribbean Court of Justice strikes down mandatory death penalty in Barbados’, World Coalition against the Death Penalty, 27 June 2018, www.worldcoalition.org/ Caribbean-Court-of-Justice-strikes-downmandatory-death-penalty-in-Barbados. html?utm_source=LEDAP+Newsletter&utm_ campaign=ff7e867704-EMAIL_ CAMPAIGN_2018_05_30_04_35_ COPY_02&utm_medium=email&utm_ term=0_c2c1a7c734-ff7e867704-85913007. 101 Giada Girelli, Harm Reduction International, The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2018, February 2019. 102 Ibid. 103 ‘Lanka govt approves capital punishment for drugs offences’, The Tribune, 11 July 2018, www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/ lanka-govt-approves-capital-punishmentfor-drug-offences/618803.html. 104 ‘Harm Reduction International Condemns New Bangladesh Law Expanding Use of the Death Penalty for Drugs’, Harm Reduction International, 29 October 2018, www.hri.global/contents/1873. 105 Death Penalty Information Centre, The Death Penalty in 2018: Year End Report, 2018, p1. 106 ‘Washington’s state Supreme Court outlaws death penalty’, The Hill, 10th November 2018, thehill.com/homenews/statewatch/410963-washington-state-supremecourt-rules-death-penalty-unlawful. 107 ‘California death penalty: Governor Gavin Newsom halts executions’, BBC News, 13 March 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldus-canada-47549422. 108 Botswana resumes execution, hangs death row inmate’, Journal du Cameroun 25 May 2018, www.journalducameroun.com/en/ botswana-resumes-execution-hangs-deathrow-inmate. 46 | 109 Thailand: Government must re-join path towards abolition of the death penalty’ Amnesty International, 18 July 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/07/ thailand-government-must-rejoin-pathtowards-abolition-of-death-penalty. 110 ‘Japan: Executions of seven Aum cult members fails to deliver justice’, Amnesty International, 6 July 2018, www.amnesty.org/ en/latest/news/2018/07/japan-aum-cultexecutions-fails-to-deliver-justice. 111 ‘Taiwan carries out first execution in two years’, The Straits Times, 1 September 2018, www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwancarries-out-first-execution-in-two-years. 112 ‘Belgian Jihadi given death sentence in Iraq’, Flandersnews. be, 22 May 2018, www.vrt.be/ vrtnws/en/2018/05/22/belgian_jihadi_ givendeathsentenceiniraq-1-3201630. 113 ’Mauritania: Mandatory Death Penalty for Blasphemy’, Human Rights Watch, 4 May 2018, www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/04/ mauritania-mandatory-death-penaltyblasphemy. 114 ‘India introduces death penalty for child rapists’, BBC News, 21 April 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-43850476. 115 Philippines Commission on Human Rights and Social Weather Stations, National Survey on Public Perceptions on the Death Penalty, SWS Special Report, 10 October 2018. 116 Ibid. 117 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN human rights experts condemn Belarus executions, 12 December 2018, www.ohchr.org/ en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=24009&LangID=E. 118 ‘Pope Francis Declares Death Penalty Unacceptable in All Cases’, The New York Times, 2 August 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/08/02/world/ europe/pope-death-penalty.html. 119 ‘Japan’s death penalty, a cruel and unusually popular punishment’, South China Morning Post, 29 January 2019, www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/ article/2163212/japans-death-penalty-crueland-unusually-popular-punishment. 120 ‘Federal Court issues injunction over conditions on Virginia’s Death Row’, Prison Legal News, 3 September 2018, www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/ sep/3/federal-court-issues-injunction-overconditions-virginias-death-row. 121 Ibid. 122 The Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, Justice Denied: A Global Study of Wrongful Death Row Convictions, January 2018. 123 The Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, Judged for More Than Her Crime: A Global Overview of Women Facing the Death Penalty, September 2018. 124 Ibid. 125 For more information, see, ‘Women who kill their abusers: how do criminal justice systems respond?’, Penal Reform International, 2016, www.penalreform.org/ news/women-kill-abusers-criminal-justicesystems-respond-new. 126 The Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, Judged for More Than Her Crime: A Global Overview of Women Facing the Death Penalty, September 2018, p11. 127 ‘Noura Hussein: Appeals court overturns death sentence’, BBC News, 26 June 2018, www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldafrica-44614590. 128 For more information on this issue, see Penal Reform International and Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, A factsheet on prison conditions for women facing the death penalty, 2018. 129 Penal Reform International, Life Imprisonment: A Policy Briefing, April 2018, p1. 130 Dirk Van Zyl Smit and Catherine Appleton, Life Imprisonment: A Global Human Rights Analysis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. 131 Ibid. 132 Ibid. 133 See ‘States that ban life without parole for children’, The Campaign for the Fair Sentencing of Youth, www.fairsentencingofyouth.org/mediaresources/states-that-ban-life. 134 Child Rights International Network, Inhumane Sentencing: Life Imprisonment of Children around the World Campaign, 2015, p5. 135 Human Rights Council, Human rights in the administration of justice, including juvenile justice, 16 September 2015, A/HRC/30/L.16, para. 24 urges “States to ensure that, under their legislation and practice, neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment are imposed for offences committed by persons under 18 years of age.” 136 Juan E. Méndez, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, 5 March 2015, A/HRC/28/68, para. 74. 137 ‘Political factors key to deciding if longterm prisoners stay in jail’, The Irish Times, 28 January 2019, www.irishtimes.com/ news/crime-and-law/political-factors-keyto-deciding-if-long-term-prisoners-stay-injail-1.3432772. 138 European Court of Human Rights, Vinter and Others v. UK (apps. 66069/09, 130/10 and 3896/10), 9 July 2013 [GC], Concurring opinion of Judge Power-Forde. 139 ‘Court rules prisoners serving life sentences can be considered for parole after 25 years’, The Malta Independent, 22 March 2018, www.independent.com. mt/articles/2018-03-22/local-news/Courtrules-prisoners-serving-life-sentences-canbe-considered-for-parole-after-serving-25years-6736186747. 140 Ibid. 141 ‘Kenya’s new taskforce to review death penalty laws’, World Coalition against the Death Penalty, 11 September 2018, www.worldcoalition.org/Kenyanew-taskforce-to-review-deathpenalty-laws.html. 142 ‘The Senate just passed criminal justice reform’, Vox, 19 December 2018, www.vox.com/futureperfect/2018/12/18/18140973/firststep-act-criminal-justice-reform-senatecongress. 143 ‘All prisoners serving life sentence in Belize to be re-sentenced following major decision of the Caribbean Court of Justice’, The Death Penalty Project, 5 April 2018, www.deathpenaltyproject.org/2018/04/05/ all-prisoners-serving-life-sentence-inbelize-to-be-re-sentenced-following-majordecision-of-the-caribbean-court-of-justice. 144 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report, 2018, Executive Summary, p1. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019