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See also ‘Sotto, You Are Wildly Wrong On Criminalising Children’, Child Rights International Network, 25 September 2018, archive.crin.org/en/library/news-archive/ sotto-you-are-wildly-wrong-criminalisingchildren.html. 202 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p48 (Australia). 203 Royal Commission and Board of Inquiry, Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory, Final Report, Volume 1, November 2017, p28. 204 ‘MSPs unanimously back move to raise criminal age of responsibility to 12’, The Scotsman, 13 November 2018, www.scotsman.com/news/mspsunanimously-back-move-to-raise-criminalage-of-responsibility-to-12-1-4829289. 205 Information from ACERWC, Twitter, 17 October 2018, twitter.com/acerwc/ status/1052480589197131776. 206 ‘Government mulls private detention centres’, Bangkok Post, 20 December 2018, www.bangkokpost.com/news/ general/1597310/government-mulls-privatedetention-centres. 207 ‘Malawi removes 260 minors from adult prisons’, AFP, 14 February 2019, www.news24.com/Africa/News/ malawi-removes-260-minors-from-adultprisons-20190213. 208 Nathan Hughes, Howard League for Penal Reform, Neurodisability in the youth justice system: recognising and responding to the criminalisation of neurodevelopmental impairment, 2015, p2. 209 Nathan Hughes, Huw Williams, Prathiba Chitsabesan et al, Office of the Children’s Commissioner for England, Nobody made the connection: The prevalence of neurodisability in young people who offend, 2012, Foreword. 210 Kroll L, Rothwell J, Bradley D, Shah P, Bailey S, Harrington R. ‘Mental health needs of boys in secure care for serious or persistent offending: a prospective, longitudinal study’, The Lancet 2002 Volume 359, Issue 9322, pp.1975–1979, Chitsabesan P, Kroll L, Bailey S, et al. Prathiba Chitsabesan et al, ‘Mental health needs of young offenders in custody and the community’, British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 188, Issue 6, 2006, pp534–40. 211 Jane McKay and Jayne Neal, ‘Diagnosis and disengagement: exploring the disjuncture between SEN policy and practice’, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, Volume 9, Issue 3, pp164–172. 212 Nathan Hughes, William H Williams, et al, ‘The prevalence of traumatic brain injury among young offenders in custody: a systematic review’, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 2015, Volume 30, Issue 2, pp94–105. 48 | 215 ‘This Agency Tried to Fix the Race Gap in Juvenile Justice. Then Came Trump’, The Marshall Project, 19 September 2019, www.themarshallproject.org/2018/09/19/ this-agency-tried-to-fix-the-race-gap-injuvenile-justice-then-came-trump. 216 ‘Inquiry to probe Aboriginal overrepresentation in youth justice’, The Age, 4 June 2018, www.theage.com.au/national/ victoria/inquiry-to-probe-aboriginal-overrepresentation-in-youth-justice-20180603p4zj75.html. 217 ‘Nearly half of youth incarcerated across Canada are Indigenous: Statistics Canada’, The Globe and Mail, 24 June 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/articlenearly-half-of-youth-incarcerated-acrosscanada-are-indigenous. 218 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p94 (Brazil). 219 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p456 (Papa New Guinea). 220 ‘Egypt: Children face shocking violations including torture and enforced disappearance’, Amnesty International, 20 November 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/ latest/news/2018/11/egypt-children-faceshocking-violations-including-torture-andenforced-disappearance. 221 Alex Walters, ‘Learning for organisations arising from incidents at Medway Secure Training Centre’, Medway Safeguarding Children Board Serious Case Review, January 2019, p35. 222 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p521 (Somalia), p350 (Lebanon). 223 ‘Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Detained Children Tortured’, Human Rights Watch, 8 January 2019, www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/08/ kurdistan-region-iraq-detained-childrentortured. 224 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook on Children Recruited and Exploited by Terrorist Groups: The Role of the Justice System, 2017, pp82–84. 225 International Juvenile Justice Observatory, Protecting Children’s Rights and Keeping Society Safe: How to Strengthen Justice Systems for Children in Europe in the Counter-Terrorism Context?, 2018, p12. 226 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p289 (Iran). 227 ‘South Sudan urged to end death penalty as evidence shows children among dead’, The Guardian, 7 December 2018, www.theguardian.com/ global-development/2018/dec/07/ south-sudan-urged-to-end-deathpenalty-as-evidence-shows-childrenamong-dead-amnesty-international. 228 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p500 (Saudi Arabia). 229 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248. 230 Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics: SPACE I – Prison Populations Survey 2013, December 2014, cited in S. 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