ENDNOTES 247 For a detailed analysis of the countries where same-sex activity between consenting adults is illegal, see www.equaldex.com. 248 Aengus Carroll and Lucas Ramón Mendos, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, State Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition, 12th edition, May 2017. 249 Committee against Torture, Eighth annual report of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, CAT/C/54/2, 26 March 2015, para. 69. 250 ‘Chechnya: two dead and dozens held in LGBT purge, say activists’, The Guardian, 14 January 2019, www.theguardian.com/ world/2019/jan/14/chechnya-two-dead-anddozens-held-in-lgbt-purge-reports. 251 UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on conflict-related sexual violence, S/2018/250, 23 March 2018. 252 Association for the Prevention of Torture, Towards the Effective Protection of LGBTI Persons Deprived of Liberty: A Monitoring Guide, 2018, p29. 253 Ibid. 254 Ibid. 255 ‘Don’t ask, don’t tell’: Breaking the cycle of violence against LGBTI persons in detention’, PRI blog, 4 December 2018, www.penalreform.org/blog/dont-ask-donttell-breaking-the-cycle-of. 265 ‘Denmark introduces prison intelligence service’, The Local, 27 July 2018, www.thelocal.dk/20180727/denmarkintroduces-prison-intelligence-service. 266 Ibid. 267 ‘Emergency meeting called over prison violence’, Ekathimerini, 21 January 2019, www.ekathimerini.com/236798/article/ ekathimerini/news/emergency-meetingcalled-over-prison-violence. 268 ‘At least seven dead in riot at Guatemalan maximum-security prison’, Business Insider, 30 September 2018, www.businessinsider. com/r-at-least-seven-dead-in-riot-atguatemalan-maximum-security-prison-20189?r=UK and ‘Eleven killed in fresh prison riot in Venezuela’, Business Insider, 18 May 2018, www.businessinsider.com/r-elevenkilled-in-fresh-prison-riot-in-venezuela-20185?r=UK. 269 ‘Nine dead in latest outbreak of Brazilian prison violence’, Reuters, 1 January 2018, uk.reuters.com/article/uk-brazil-prison-riot/ nine-dead-in-latest-outbreak-of-brazilianprison-violence-idUKKBN1EQ1AI. 270 ‘9 inmates dead, 19 on the run in Brazil after prison break’, National Post, 3 October 2018, nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/9inmates-dead-19-on-the-run-in-brazil-afterprison-break. 271 ‘11 injured as clash erupts in Sri Lankan prison’, Xinhua News, 20 August 2018, www.xinhuanet.com/english/201808/20/c_137405344.htm. 256 ‘Transgender inmates will no longer be kept in Isolation, Israel Prison Service Announces’, Haaretz, 17 April 2018, www.haaretz.com/israel-news.premiumtransgender-prisoners-won-t-be-put-inisolation-anymore-1.6009178. 272 ‘Ill-Treatment of Inmates Blamed As Unrest Breaks Out at Siberian Prison’, RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty, 20 October 2018, www.rferl.org/a/ill-treatment-ofinmates-blamed-as-unrest-breaks-out-atsiberian-prison/29531749.html. 257 ‘Connecticut becomes the first state to give transgender prisoners the legal right to be housed according to their gender identity’, Newsweek, 29 May 2018, www.newsweek.com/connecticuttransgender-prisoners-first-us-win-right-behoused-according-947312. 273 ‘At least 27 killed in Tajikistan prison riot- security sources’, Reuters, 8 November 2018, uk.reuters.com/article/uk-tajikistankhujand/tajik-security-forces-kill-at-least13-inmates-in-prison-riot-security-sourcesidUKKCN1ND0JZ?il=0. 258 ‘U.S. rolls back protections for transgender prison inmates’, Reuters, 12 May 2018, uk.reuters.com/article/ uk-usa-lgbt-prisons/u-s-rolls-backprotections-for-transgender-prison-inmatesidUKKCN1ID0OF. PART 4 Prison management 259 For example, see HM Prison and Probation Service, Understanding prison violence: a rapid evidence assessment, Analytical Summary 2018, p1. 260 ‘Violence on the rise in Sweden’s nearly full prisons’, Prison Insider, 12 July 2018, www.prison-insider.com/en/news/violenceon-the-rise-in-sweden-s-nearly-full-prisons. 261 Ibid. 262 ‘Diverse mix of gangs a growing security challenge for federal prisons’, CBC News, 25 March 2018, www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ prison-gangs-diverse-csc-1.4590649. 263 ‘It’s chaos’: One dead as prison gangs clash at Leeuwkop’, Times Live, 13 March 2018, www.timeslive.co.za/news/southafrica/2018-03-13-its-chaos-one-dead-asprison-gangs-clash-at-leeuwkop. 264 ‘Over half of Mountjoy prisoners in protection regimes due to gang violence’, The Irish Times, 26 October 2018, www.irishtimes. com/news/crime-and-law/over-half-ofmountjoy-prisoners-in-protection-regimesdue-to-gang-violence-1.3677178. 274 ‘Indonesia: prison break, convicts on the run after disaster’, Prison Insider, 1 October 2018, www.prison-insider.com/en/news/ indonesie-1-200-detenus-profitent-duseisme-pour-s-evader-de-prison. 275 ‘Haiti prison break: All inmates escape from Aquin’, BBC News, 12 February 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latinamerica-47220832. 276 ‘Probe launched into Pollsmoor assaults’, IOL, 28 August 2018, www.iol.co.za/ capeargus/news/probe-launched-intopollsmoor-assaults-16776726. 277 ‘Report: Maltreatment, torture in Turkish prisons continue unabated’, Stockholm Center for Freedom, 22 May 2018, stockholmcf.org/report-maltreatment-torturein-turkish-prisons-continue-unabated. 278 ‘G4S snared by torture allegations at Bloemfontein jail’, Business Day, 5 June 2018, www.businesslive.co.za/bd/ national/2018-06-05-g4s-snared-by-tortureallegations-at-bloemfontein-jail. 279 ‘South Sudan: Arbitrary arrests, torture of detainees despite repeated promises’, Amnesty International, 4 September 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/09/ south-sudan-arbitrary-arrests-and-torture-ofdetainees-despite-repeated-promises. 280 ‘UN expert decries ‘pattern’ of torture, abuse in Iranian prisons’, i24 News Middle East, 3 May 2018, www.i24news.tv/en/news/ international/middle-east/169183-180305un-expert-decries-pattern-of-torture-abusein-iranian-prisons. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019 281 ‘Saudi Arabia accused of torturing women’s right-to-drive activists in prison’, The Telegraph, 21 November 2018, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/21/ saudi-arabia-accused-torturing-womensright-to-drive-activists. 282 ‘Russia: guard accused of suffocating inmate to death’, Prison Insider, 24 July 2018, www.prison-insider.com/en/news/russiaguard-accused-of-suffocating-inmate-todeath, ‘Russian ex-prisoners speak out over torture after leaked video’, Prison Insider, 3 August 2018, www.prison-insider.com/ en/news/russian-ex-prisoners-speak-outover-torture-after-leaked-video, ‘Nationwide Inspection Finds Dozen of Prison Abuse Cases in Russia’, The Moscow Times, 3 September 2018, www.themoscowtimes. com/2018/09/03/nationwide-inspectionfinds-dozens-of-prison-abuse-cases-inrussia-a62754. 283 S. Stürup-Toft, E. J. O’Moore, and E. H. Plugge, ‘Looking behind the bars: emerging health issues for people in prison’, British Medical Bulletin, March 2018, pp1–9. 284 ‘At five deaths per day in custody, scuttling of law by cops rampant in India under Modi’, National Herald, 28 June 2018, www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/at-fivedeaths-per-day-in-custody-scuttling-of-lawby-cops-rampant-in-india-under-modi. 285 ‘Brazil: One Inmate Dies Every 48 Hours in Rio de Janeiro Prisons’, Telesur, 7 August 2018, www.telesurenglish.net/news/BrazilOne-Inmate-Dies-Ever-48-Hours-in-Rio-deJaneiro-Prisons-20180807-0011.html. 286 ‘The 147 dead: terrible toll of Indigenous deaths in custody spurs call for reform’, The Guardian, 27 August 2018, www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/ aug/28/the-147-dead-indigenous-leadersdemand-action-over-unacceptable-deathsin-custody?CMP=share_btn_tw. 287 Ibid. 288 Article 1, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948); Article 2(1) and 6(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966); Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950); Article 4(1), American Convention on Human Rights (1969); Article 4 of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1986); UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, A/RES/43/173 (1988); Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions (1989), Recommended by Economic and Social Council Resolution 1989/65; General Comment No. 36 on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life (art 6) (2018). 289 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (The Nelson Mandela Rules), Rules 8 and 71. 290 International Committee of the Red Cross, Guidelines for Investigating Deaths in Custody, 2013. 291 ‘Nationwide Inspection Finds Dozen of Prison Abuse Cases in Russia’, The Moscow Times, 3 September 2018, www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/09/03/ nationwide-inspection-finds-dozens-ofprison-abuse-cases-in-russia-a62754. 292 ‘Brutal video exposes torture in Russian prisons’, The Independent, 20 July 2018, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ brutal-video-torture-makarov-putin-russianprisons-a8456141.html. 293 ‘Russia prison torture scandal no isolated case, activists say’, DW, 26 July 2018, www.dw.com/en/russia-prison-torturescandal-no-isolated-case-activistssay/a-44841367. | 49