ENDNOTES Endnotes All website links cited were accurate at the time of going to press in April 2019. PART 1 Crime and imprisonment 1 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes, March 2015. 2 International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, 6th International Report on Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 2018, p3. 3 Katie Stone and Sam Shirley–Beavan, Harm Reduction International, The Global State of Harm Reduction 2018, 6th edition, 11 December 2018. 4 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has observed that ‘the term ‘cybercrime’ has been used to describe a wide range of offences, including offences against computer data and systems (such as hacking), computer-related forgery and fraud (such as phishing), content offences (such as disseminating material relating to the sexual abuse of children) and copyright offences (such as disseminating pirated content).’ Guide for the thematic discussion on criminal justice responses to prevent and counter cybercrime in all its forms, including through the strengthening of cooperation at the national and international levels, February 2018, E/CN.15/2018/6. 5 International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, 6th International Report on Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 2018, p4. 6 UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Twenty–eighth session, 20–24 May 2019, Note by the Secretariat on world crime trends and emerging issues and responses in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice, 2019, E/CN.15/2019/x, p3. 7 Ibid, p4. 8 Know Violence in Childhood, Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017, 2017, Foreword. 9 Roy Walmsley, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, World Prison Population, 12th edition, 2018. It should be noted that the data used for this estimate is not complete and does not include information from Eritrea, Somalia and the Democratic People’s Republic of (North) Korea, and that the data for China and Guinea Bissau are incomplete. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 ‘Russia closes 93 prisons in 7 years due to more lenient laws’, RT, 3rd September 2018, www.rt.com/russia/437479-russiacloses-93-prisons. 13 ‘Prison population fell almost two times over eight years in Kazakhstan – Minister of Internal Affairs’, BNews KZ, 14 June 2018, bnews.kz/en/news/ prison_population_fell_almost_two_times_ over_eight_years_in_kazakhstan__minister_ of_internal_affairs. 44 | 14 ‘Kazakhstan’s prison population drops dramatically in criminal justice reform breakthrough’, Astana Times, 17 February 2018, astanatimes.com/2018/02/ kazakhstans-prison-population-dropsdramatically-in-criminal-justice-reformbreakthrough. 15 This evidence comes from many different countries but see, for example, Judge Andrew Becroft, Youth Offending: Factors that Contribute and How the System Responds, Delivered at Symposium Child and Youth Offenders: What Works, 2006, www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/addresschild-and-youth-offenders-what-works. 16 Institute for Criminal Policy Research, World Prison Brief Database, www.prisonstudies. org/highest-to-lowest/occupancylevel?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All. 17 Ibid. 18 ‘Where 518 Inmates Sleep in Space for 170, and Gangs Hold It Together’, New York Times, 7th January 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/world/asia/ philippines-manila-jail-overcrowding.html. 19 Cited in ‘Overcrowded PH jails housing over 146,000 inmates, above 20k capacity: COA’, ABS–CBN, 3 July 2018, news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/18/ overcrowded-ph-jails-housing-over-146000inmates-above-20k-capacity-coa. 20 Penal Reform International, Ten-Point Plan to Reduce Prison Overcrowding, 2012. See also, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook on Strategies to Reduce Overcrowding in Prisons, 2013. 21 ‘Rwanda releases 2,000 prisoners, including opposition leader Victoire Ingabire’, Deutsche Welt, 15th September 2018, www.dw.com/en/rwanda-releases-2000prisoners-including-opposition-leadervictoire-ingabire/a-45498354. 22 ‘Mass Presidential Pardon Unlikely to Improve Bolivia Prisons’, InSight Crime, 6 April 2018, www.insightcrime.org/news/ brief/mass-presidential-pardon-unlikelyimprove-bolivia-prisons. 23 ‘Mnangagwa pardons 3,000 prisoners’, Zimbabwe Daily, 21 March 2018, www.thezimbabwedaily.com/news/195139mnangagwa-pardons-3000-prisoners.html. 24 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, January 2019, p162, (Côte d’Ivoire). 25 ‘710 prisoners released per presidential pardon’, Egypt Today, 11 July 2018, www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/53787/710prisoners-released-per-presidential-pardon. 26 ‘Israel: Public Defense: No New Detainees Until Prison Overcrowding Ends’, Haaretz, 26 March 2018 www.haaretz.com/israelnews/.premium-israel-public-defense-nonew-detainees-until-prison-overcrowdingends-1.5939876. 27 European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Living space per prisoner in prison establishments: CPT standards, December 2015, p1, p4. 28 ‘Pay-to-stay prison block ‘to mitigate jail overcrowding’, Phnom Penh Post, 3 October 2018, www.phnompenhpost. com/national/pay-stay-prison-blockmitigate-jail-overcrowding. 29 ‘New prison planned to help ease the shortfall of prison places in Slovakia’, The Slovak Spectator, 11 January 2018, spectator.sme.sk/c/20735840/new-prisonplanned-to-help-ease-the-shortfall-ofprison-places-in-slovakia.html. 30 ‘Makeshift sheds proposed as jails overcrowded’, New Age, 20 August 2018, www.newagebd.net/article/48895/ makeshift-sheds-proposed-as-jailsovercrowded. 31 ‘FG sets up panel on prison decongestion’, Vanguard, 30 October 2017, www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/fg-setspanel-prison-decongestion. 32 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Principles on the Decriminalisation of Petty Offences in Africa, 2018, Foreword. 33 For the purposes of this report, ‘civil society’ is defined as ‘the arena, outside of the family, the state, and the market, which is created by individual and collective actions, organisations and institutions to advance shared interests’ as cited in CIVICUS, Enabling Environment, www.civicus.org/index.php/what-we-do/ defend/civicus-enabling-environment. 34 Association for the Prevention of Torture, List of Designated NPM by regions & countries, apt.ch/en/list-of-designatednpm-by-regions-and-countries. 35 Association for the Prevention of Torture and Inter-American Institute for Human Rights, Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture: Implementation Manual, 2010, p215. 36 Douglas Rutzen, ‘Authoritarianism Goes Global (II): Civil Society Under Assault’, Journal of Democracy, Volume 26, Issue 4, October 2015, p30. 37 CIVICUS, State of Civil Society Report 2018, Year in Review: Top Ten Trends, 2018, Introduction. 38 ‘Civic Freedom Monitor: Egypt’, International Centre for Not-for-Profit Law, 4 February 2019, www.icnl.org/research/ monitor/egypt.html. 39 United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, 26 July 2018, A/HRC/38/34, p6, para 28. 40 Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/Rec 8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States concerning restorative justice in criminal matters, 2018, www.coe.int/en/web/prison/home/-/ asset_publisher/ky2olXXXogcx/content/ recommendation-cm-rec-2018-8?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fprison%2Fhome%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_ky2olXXXogcx%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_ id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D5. 41 See also: Dr Ian Marder, ‘Developing restorative justice in law, policy and practice: Learning from around the world’, PRI Blog, 10 January 2019, www.penalreform.org/blog/developingrestorative-justice-in-law-policy-andpractice-learning-from-around-the-world. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Global Prison Trends 2019