Briefing Paper: Use of Tools of Torture in OSCE participating States the routine, and often unnecessary and disproportionate use of tear gas on inhabitants of migrant/refugee camps in Calais and Grande-Synthe in France.46 Volunteers and camp residents allege that French law enforcement officials have deployed tear gas without any obvious provocation in communal areas of the camps.47 In 2016, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Dunja Mijatović expressed her concern regarding acts of police violence against journalists covering public protests in France. The acts included several alleged instances of inappropriate use of chemical irritant grenades and aerosol sprays, including an incident on 17 May 2016, when “police fired tear gas grenade at photo journalist Joël Labat when he was covering a demonstration in Place Denfert-Rochereau in Paris”.48 Manufacture and trade: There are a large number of companies either producing or trading chemical irritants and their means of delivery in OSCE participating States. The activities of the following companies demonstrate the diverse geographical spread of the trade in chemical irritants:    Lamperd Less Lethal (Canada) produces a range of less lethal weapons, and claims to be the only company offering “Aerial Burst Pepper Spray Grenades for riot and crowd control” which are designed to be fired from a 40mm launcher and “can cover an area of 200 sq.ft. with powerful yet harmless OC pepper spray”.49 According to the Lamperd Less Lethal website, the company recently sold 300 40mm launchers to the Canadian Federal Government and is working on deals worth a total of $20-30 million in Oman, Kuwait and Qatar.50 Alma DK (Kazakhstan) provides an example of Central Asian production of chemical irritant devices. Alma DK’s products include hand grenades designed for indoor use that release “an immense gas and smoke emission of irritant action” and 12 gauge ammunition that releases CN irritant on impact.51 Since 2013, the company has displayed its products at international trade fairs for the military and police communities in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and the United Arab Emirates.52 French company SAE Alsetex, part of the Lacroix Group, manufactures a wide variety of grenades as well as aerosol and backpack-style sprayers of various sizes for the dissemination of chemical irritants. As well as supplying French law enforcement agencies, the presence and 46 Stephen Cragg QC and Gráinne Mellon, Report: Camps at Calais and Grande-Synthe (France): Policing and Access to Justice, Bar Human Rights Committee of England & Wales (BHRC), July 2016, para. 72. 47 Ibid, para. 66. 48 OSCE Press Release, “Recent police violence against journalists during demonstrations in France disturbing, says OSCE Representative”, 3 June 2016, http://www.osce.org/fom/244686 accessed 16 May 2017. 49 Lamperd Less Lethal, Report to United States Securities and Exchange Commission, filed on 21 November 2016, http://www.otcmarkets.com/edgar/GetFilingPdf?FilingID=11699760 accessed 16 May 2017. 50 http://lllico.com/presentation/ accessed 16 May 2017. 51 Alma DK promotional materials distributed at IDEX 2017, Abu Dhabi, 19 – 23 February 2017. 52 http://www.almadk.kz/en/398-o_kompanii.html accessed 16 May 2017. 14