108. In addition to direct incentives for the use of torture, there are also factors within criminal justice systems that facilitate or encourage the use of torture or other ill-treatment. Several of these factors have already been alluded to in this paper, including the improper implementation of pre-trial procedural rights and the lack of independence and impartiality of criminal justice actors. While these factors do not, in themselves, lead directly to the use of torture, they can create environments where torture or other ill-treatment are allowed to flourish with impunity. While analysing all of these factors is beyond the scope of this paper, several will be outlined below and have been chosen due to the extent of relevant international law and guidance available, as well as to states’ potential for achieving tangible progress in reducing the risk of torture or other ill-treatment by addressing them. 68