the remaining three sections and related chapters correspond generally to phases in the organization and operation of long-term trial-monitoring programmes. Section II, “First steps and initial considerations”, addresses the planning phase of a trial-monitoring programme in order to assist the organizer in making initial decisions regarding the focus and structure of the programme. In this section, Chapter 2 discusses the importance of conducting a preliminary assessment to evaluate the appropriate focus, scope, and timing of a monitoring operation. Chapter 3 discusses and compares the features of different institutional models for structuring a programme based on the OSCE experience. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the operational structure of a trial-monitoring programme. This is aimed at staffing the programme to fulfil anticipated operational demands. Section III, “Implementation”, addresses operational and organizational issues that need to be addressed in the course of implementing a programme, including areas that require the development of internal and external capacity and operating procedures. In this section, Chapter 5 presents the critical issue of access, including methods to increase overall acceptance of the programme among local actors, as well as strategies to secure access to individual cases, case information, and other proceedings. Chapter 6 addresses internal reporting and information management, a subject of particular importance to all programmes. Here, a wide variety of topics are addressed, from the development of an efficient case reporting system to establishing an information management system that will support the process of reporting. Chapter 7 addresses other procedures that must be established to ensure programme integrity, including field support mechanisms to support monitors and build local capacity. Section IV, “Public reporting and other advocacy activities”, addresses the wider challenge of information dissemination and advocacy. Chapter 8 provides an overview of public reporting, including the function of different types of reports. It also addresses the process of drafting and issuing public reports. Chapter 9 address advocacy issues more generally from the perspective of seeking to incorporate the monitoring into wider processes of reform by strengthening links with local authorities and stakeholders. Finally, an appendix provides basic information on OSCE programmes for further reference, including an overview of the focus and singular features of these programmes. Trial-Monitoring: A Reference Manual for Practitioners 15