concerns more generally as to systemic practices affecting compliance with local procedural codes and international standards generally. On the other hand, other questionnaires may seek such legal conclusions from monitors. However, when questionnaires are utilized, they usually cover a wide range of issues, sometimes requiring monitors to respond to over a hundred questions for an individual proceeding. As a result, even if conclusions are sought, there will be less opportunity for in-depth analysis characteristic of open reporting systems given the wide scope of issues that are usually required to be covered by the monitor using a closed reporting system. 6.3.3 A comparison of open and closed reporting systems In choosing a reporting system, each system has both advantages and limitations that may make it more or less useful and effective given the purpose and focus of a programme in a given context. Chart 6 compares open and closed types of reporting systems in relation to specific operational and reporting issues that programmes may face. Chart 6 Comparison of open and closed reporting systems Issue Open (narrative) report Closed (questionnaire) report • May be difficult to aggregate findings on numerous issues, as reporting discretion tends to focus on specific problems related to individual cases; • As open reports become more structured and focused, there is more capacity to quantify the nature or extent of problems (see Chapter 6.3.4, “Hybrid formats – open organized format”). • Structured to enable compilation of information regarding systematic practices impacting the application of domestic laws and fair-trial standards more generally; • Format requires responses on all issues allowing for a quantitative or survey-type approach regarding practices over all cases monitored; • Quantitative focus may provide a strong basis for conclusions on the need for systemic reforms. • Less focus on providing in-depth Depth of analysis in • Allows for in-depth focus on narrative analysis in individual individual cases particular issues in individual cases, including the treatment of cases; problems, mitigating issues, and • May be organized to provide specific information and analysis detailed analysis; on application of domestic laws • More qualitative focus may and fair-trial standards that is provide a greater level of detail conclusive in individual cases. for public reporting where serious fair-trial or humanrights violations occur in individual cases. Ability to provide quantification of problems throughout justice system Trial-Monitoring: A Reference Manual for Practitioners 73