executive arms of government and other stakeholders, such that anti-torture bills can be presented as either private member submissions or executive bills.  State Parties should take concrete steps to ensure the full implementation of anti-torture legislation where this exists.  State Parties to the OPCAT should establish and maintain National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) within their respective jurisdictions. The NPM must be effective and independent, and the State should ensure it receives sufficient funding to enable it to function effectively. The NPM may be established either as an independent body or as a separate unit within an existing or newly established NHRI. The NPM must comply with all the OPCAT requirements.   Sustainability of NPMs must be guaranteed through the allocation of adequate resources, capacity building of NPM members of staff, and coordination and partnership with other stakeholders.  All States should conduct effective, independent, prompt, transparent and impartial investigations into all allegations of torture in order to bring perpetrators to justice and to end impunity, as well as to ensure that public authorities are held accountable for their actions, in order to build public confidence in the rule of law.  When defining acts of torture State Parties should adopt a definition that at a minimum complies with Art 1 of the UNCAT. States should consider broadening this definition to accommodate their local context which may include extending the definition to include non-state actors. ��� States should review existing laws to ensure compliance with the principles and obligations enshrined in RIG, UNCAT, and OPCAT.  The process of advocating for criminalization of torture should involve various stakeholders including torture survivors, health workers, civil society organizations, media practitioners, professional organizations. Credible and effective coalitions should be built for the purpose of mobilizing public support for the passage of anti-torture bills.  State Parties should ensure the effective dissemination of the anti-torture legislation to all stakeholders and the general public. National Human Rights Institutions  National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) should designate focal points to address issues of torture who should liaise with the CPTA and other national, regional and international mechanisms relevant to the prevention of torture and rehabilitation of torture victims.