38 Gender and Security Toolkit Mobile courts, ideally supported by legal aid, can likewise provide access to justice for victims/survivors of GBV who live in remote or rural locations, or lack the means to travel to major cities.14 Specialized bodies and gender units are discussed further in section 4.10.* Specialized services can include formalized arrangements where key actors and services, including judges, prosecutors, police and social services, co-ordinate their work and decisionmaking. “One-stop centres”, such as the New York Family Justice Centers in the USA, can house relevant services in one place. These may include forensics, legal advice, healthcare and psychosocial support, and information on self-help and other support groups. This can make a victim’s search for help and justice more efficient and effective. Victim/survivor safety and concerns about treatment, confidentiality or potential stigma can generally be better attended to through bespoke structures and support. In South Africa the Thuthuzela Care Centres have led to conviction rates for rape cases reaching 89 per cent, compared with a national average of 7 per cent.15 Where formalized arrangements or one-stop centres are not in place, integrated services and referral systems should be promoted. CSOs often plug gaps in referral pathways and services. 4.9 Training and other capacity development for justice professionals^ Training on gender equality needs to be developed for all judicial and legal professionals and court administrators, referent to national, regional and international laws and obligations. This should include, at a minimum, the principle of non-discrimination, ethics, human rights, women’s rights, legal procedures for GBV, protection of the human rights of LGBTI people and how “gender bias” operates in the justice system to affect men and women. Specific training on investigation methods and requirements for crimes involving GBV should be provided to staff who work on such cases. There should be an ongoing commitment to and investment in sustained professional gender and GBV training, which could be provided by national schools for judges or prosecutors, or similar. Where these do not exist, bar associations or law societies as well as the relevant ministry and civil society actors can provide or support training initiatives. External actors (such as DCAF, UNODC, the Council of Europe and national bar associations) may also be engaged in providing professional training for judicial and legal practitioners. It is important that judicial and legal professionals receive such training before they are licensed to practise, so professional, technical and academic institutions should ensure that curricula include gender equality. In professional training there needs to be a focus on transformative education, recognizing that most legal professionals will know the law but may apply it in a discriminatory manner. When specifically considering justice professionals: Ê peer-to-peer training (rather than relying on external trainers who are not judicial experts and/or not from the same country) can help ensure core messages resonate and continue to be communicated after any external programme has concluded Ê outside speakers might include victims/survivors of crimes involving GBV, to deepen the understanding among judicial and legal professionals of the harms these crimes have beyond the evidentially physical, and the context in which such crimes occur Ê mentoring, study visits and coaching can be effective. * See also case study 3 on approaches used in Iraq to increase access to justice for survivors of GBV. ^ Effective gender training practices in the security and justice sector are discussed in more detail in Tool 1 on “Security Sector Governance, Security Sector Reform and Gender”.