108. Physical exercise should constitute an important part of the juveniles’ daily programme. All juveniles should be allowed to exercise regularly, for at least two hours every day, of which at least one hour should be in the open air and, preferably, considerably more. Outdoor exercise yards should be spacious and suitably equipped to give juveniles a real opportunity to exert themselves physically (e.g. to practise sports); they should also be equipped with shelter against inclement weather. 109. Upon admission, an individualised plan should be drawn up for every juvenile, specifying the objectives, the timeframe and the means through which the objectives should be attained, in order to best utilise the time that the juvenile concerned spends in the detention centre, to develop skills and competences that assist him/her to reintegrate into society. 110. Education and vocational training ofered to juveniles in detention should be similar to that in the community, provided by professional teachers/trainers, and juveniles in detention should obtain the same types of diplomas or certifcates (after successfully completing their education) as juveniles who attend educational establishments in the community. Measures should be taken to avoid that school-leaving certifcates bear any indication of the juvenile’s institutional afliation. Given the particularly difcult backgrounds of many juveniles, eforts need to be made to encourage and motivate them to attend educational classes/ vocational training and to participate in workshops where they can learn skills to assist them upon their release. In a number of countries, the CPT has observed the practice of training juveniles in using computers (including the Internet) and/or of allowing selected detained juveniles to attend schools in the outside community. Such practices should be encouraged. 111. The CPT also wishes to stress that female juveniles should under no circumstances receive less care, protection, assistance and training than male juveniles, despite the fact that their numbers are much lower and that detention centres are nearly always designed for male inmates. If necessary, additional measures should be taken to ensure equal treatment. 112. In various establishments visited, the CPT observed the existence of a differentiated incentive-based regime in which progress is rewarded to juveniles who are co-operative and display good behaviour, while inmates who display negative behaviour are demoted and subjected to various restrictions. In the CPT’s view, a behavioural approach can be benefcial in encouraging juvenile inmates to abide by the norms of living within a group and pursue constructive paths of self-development. However, withdrawal of incentives due to noncompliance can quickly reach a level of deprivation which is incompatible with minimum requirements. In particular, steps should be taken to avoid the juveniles concerned being subjected to a regime which is akin to solitary confnement. In addition, there should be formal and transparent procedures in order to avoid “educational measures” becoming or being perceived as arbitrary. d. Health care 113. When examining the issue of health-care services in prisons, the CPT has been guided in its work by a number of general criteria (access to a doctor; equivalence of care; patient’s consent and confdentiality; preventive health care; professional independence and Juveniles deprived of their liberty under criminal legislation ► Page 53