STEP FOUR: Clarification and disclosure Having actively listened to the first, free account, it is time for the interviewer to expand and clarify all of the relevant matters in the case; one issue at a time. The interviewer should introduce the relevant topics with TED’S PIE type questions, and when more details are needed about a certain topic, interviewers should encourage the interviewee to provide more information through open-ended, probing questions – What?, Why?, When?, How?, Where?, Who?. Interviewers may vary their approach depending on the topic that needs to be explored. Describe Tell me Explain Show me Precisely Exactly Why? When? How? Where? In detail This interviewing approach will stimulate detailed accounts and consequently reduce the number of questions that may need to be asked. This is beneficial because each time a question is asked the interviewer runs the risk of leading the victim, witness or suspect (contaminating the evidential value of their account). Examples of good probing: Officer: “You told me that the man in white clothes attacked you with a knife. Tell me more in detail, exactly how he approached you.” Officer: “You told me that there were several people – eye witnesses – to the event. Please explain precisely where these people were standing at the time.” Officer: “You told me that a woman tried to stop the man who attacked you. Please describe this woman in detail.” Strategic disclosure of evidence: when and how to disclose evidence An essential part of the clarification and disclosure stage is how and when interviewers should disclose evidence during interviews with suspects. If a suspect is arrested, clearly the police must have some information indicating guilt – otherwise, the arrest is unlawful and should never have been made. Investigative interviewing necessitates the strategic disclosure of evidence. The model provides clear and positive instructions on how, when and – and all importantly – why detectives should delay disclosure until this stage of the interview. Early disclosure can either lead to innocent suspects being deprived of the opportunity to substantiate their innocence or enable guilty perpetrators to tailor their explanation to the evidence being presented. CTI Training Tools 1/2017: Investigative Interviewing for Criminal Cases “ Strategic probing and disclosure of potential evidence allows officers to explore the interviewee’s account in depth before proceeding to the next topic, helping to ensure that the presumption of innocence is respected while strengthening the case against a guilty suspect by preventing the subsequent fabrication of an alibi.” Former UN Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan Mendez, Report to the UN Human Rights Council, (UN Doc. A/71/298), 2016 8/12