A/67/44 (4) The Committee is aware that the State party has a federal structure, but recalls that Canada is a single State under international law and has the obligation to implement the Convention in full at the domestic level. B. Positive aspects (5) The Committee notes the ongoing efforts by the State party to reform its legislation, policies and procedures in areas of relevance to the Convention, including: (a) The establishment of the Refugee Appeal Division within the independent Immigration and Refugee Board by the 2011 Balanced Refugee Reform Act; (b) The establishment of the Internal Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Abdullah Almalki, Ahmad Abou-Elmaati and Muayyed Nureddin (Iacobucci Inquiry), in December 2006; (c) The establishment of the Ipperwash Priorities and Action Committee by the Ontario Government in 2007 to work on the implementation of the Ipperwash Inquiry Report recommendations; (d) The establishment of the Provincial Partnership Committee on Missing Persons in Saskatchewan in January 2006; and (e) The Braidwood Inquiry, initiated by the province of British Columbia in 2008 to examine the case of Robert Dziekanski. (6) The Committee notes with satisfaction the official apology and compensation provided to Maher Arar and his family soon after the release of a report by the Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in relation to Maher Arar. (7) The Committee notes with satisfaction the official apology by Royal Canadian Mounted Police to the mother of Robert Dziekanski for the loss of her son. C. Principal subjects of concern and recommendations Incorporation of the Convention in the domestic legal order (8) While welcoming the statement made by the delegation that all levels of Canadian governments take seriously their obligations under the Convention, the Committee regrets that Canada has not incorporated all provisions of the Convention into domestic law and that those provisions cannot be argued independently as the basis for a legal claim in courts other than through domestic legal instruments. The Committee is of the view that the incorporation of the Convention into Canadian law would not only be of a symbolic nature but that it would strengthen the protection of persons allowing them to invoke the provisions of the Convention directly before the courts (art. 2). The Committee recommends that the State party incorporate all the provisions of the Convention into Canadian law in order to allow persons to invoke it directly in courts, give prominence to the Convention and raise awareness of its provisions among members of the judiciary and the public at large. In particular, the State party should take all necessary steps to ensure that provisions of the Convention that give rise to extraterritorial jurisdiction can be directly applied before domestic courts. Non-refoulement (9) The Committee notes the State party’s information that the law allowing deportation despite a risk of torture is merely theoretical. However, the fact remains that it is the law in force at present. Therefore, the Committee remains seriously concerned that (art. 3): 116 GE.12-44492