CAT/C/ITA/CO/4 page 6 armed forces. However, the Committee regrets the lack of information on training on the employment of non-violent means, crowd control and the use of force and firearms. In addition, the Committee regrets that there is no available information on the impact of the training conducted for law enforcement officials and border guards, and how effective the training programmes have been in reducing incidents of torture and ill-treatment. (art. 10) The State party should further develop and implement educational programmes to ensure that: a) All law enforcement officials, border guards and personnel working in the CPTs and CPTAs are fully aware of the provisions of the Convention, that breaches will not be tolerated and will be investigated, and that offenders will be prosecuted; and b) All law enforcement officers are adequately equipped and trained to employ non-violent means and only resort to the use of force and firearms when strictly necessary and proportionate. In this respect, the Italian authorities should conduct a thorough review of current policing practices, including the training and deployment of law enforcement officials in crowd control and the regulations on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that all relevant personnel receive specific training on how to identify signs of torture and ill-treatment and that the Istanbul Protocol of 1999 (Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) become an integral part of the training provided to physicians. In addition, the State party should develop and implement a methodology to assess the effectiveness and impact of its training/educational programmes on the reduction of cases of torture and ill-treatment. Conditions of detention 16. The Committee is concerned that, notwithstanding the measures taken by the State party to improve conditions of detention, including the practice of collective pardon (Law No. 241 of 31 July 2006) and the prison-building programme adopted through the Ministerial Order of 2 October 2003, there is continuing overcrowding and understaffing in prisons. The Committee notes information provided on the improvement in penitentiary health care but it is concerned at reports of ill-treatment, including unsuitable infrastructures and unhygienic living conditions, in CPTAs and identification centres. While noting the recent Directive concerning the access to centres for immigrants by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Committee is also concerned at the absence of an independent organization that can systematically monitor the management of the centres. (arts. 11 and 16) The State party should continue its efforts to alleviate the overcrowding of penitentiary institutions, including through the application of alternative measures to imprisonment and the establishment of additional prison facilities as needed. The State party should also take appropriate measures to ensure the prompt