Training (9) The Committee notes with appreciation the detailed information provided by the State party on training for judges, including investigative and criminal judges, court staff, the personnel of the Imprisonment Facility Management Board (including medical personnel), employees of the Ministry of Health (including the personnel of psychiatric hospitals), public prosecutors, employees of the Ministry of Interior and its subordinate structures (including the State Police and the State Border Guard). However, the Committee regrets the limited information on monitoring and evaluation of these training programmes and the lack of available information on the impact of the training conducted for law enforcement officials, prison staff and border guards, and how effective the training programmes have been in reducing incidents of torture and ill-treatment (art. 10). The State party should further develop educational programmes to ensure that all law enforcement officials, prison staff and border guards are fully aware of the provisions of the Convention, that breaches will not be tolerated and will be investigated, and that offenders will be prosecuted. All personnel should receive specific training on how to identify signs of torture and ill-treatment. The Committee recommends that the Istanbul Protocol of 1999 (Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) become an integral part of the training provided to physicians and that the Manual is translated into the Latvian language. Furthermore, the State party should develop and implement a methodology to assess the effectiveness and impact of such training/educational programmes on the reduction of cases of torture, violence and ill-treatment. Detention on remand, including pretrial detention (10) While noting the new Criminal Procedure Law, which reduces the apprehension phase from 72 to 48 hours and introduces the system of an investigative judge who shall decide on the application of detention on remand as well as reports that the duration of detention on remand has been reduced, the Committee remains concerned at reports of prolonged periods of detention on remand, including pretrial detention, and the high risk of ill-treatment which it entails and regrets the lack of use of alternatives to imprisonment. While noting the Law on the Procedure of Holding Detainees which requires the procedure of holding criminal suspects in police short-term detention cells and sets standards for conditions of detention in these cells, the Committee is concerned at information that this does not apply to cells in small police stations where detainees can be held up to 12 hours (arts. 2, 11 and 16). The State party should take appropriate measures to further reduce the duration of detention in custody and detention before charges are brought, and develop and implement alternatives to deprivation of liberty, including probation, mediation, community service or suspended sentences. (11) The Committee notes a number of initiatives taken by the State party to improve the conditions of detention for persons under the age of 18, including in the juvenile correctional facilities, such as the establishment of the Ministry of Children and Family Affairs and the State Children Rights Protection Inspectorate under its auspices to monitor the regime and conditions of juvenile detention as well as the adoption of the Basic Policy Guidelines for the Enforcement of Prisons Sentences and Detention of Juveniles for 2007-2013. However, the Committee expresses its concern at reports that juveniles are often held in pretrial detention for prolonged periods and at the high percentage of juveniles remanded in custody (arts. 2, 11 and 16). The State party should increase its efforts to bring its legislation and practice as regards the arrest and detention of juvenile offenders fully in line with internationally adopted principles, including by: (a) Ensuring that deprivation of liberty, including pretrial detention, should be the exception, to be used only as a last resort and for the shortest time possible; (b) Developing and implementing alternatives to deprivation of liberty, including probation, mediation, community service or suspended sentences; 21