Acknowledgements This manual was written by Prof. Ian Leigh of the Durham University Human Rights Centre (United Kingdom) and Dr. Hans Born of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (Switzerland), with the assistance of Ms. Cecilia Lazzarini (DCAF) and Mr. Ian Clements (Durham University). ODIHR and DCAF express their gratitude to the governments of Germany and Romania for hosting the roundtable events “Citizen in Uniform: Implementing Human Rights in the Armed Forces” and “Military Unions and Associations”, respectively. They also thank the members of the expert review panel assembled to evaluate an earlier version of this handbook: Col. Britt Brestrup, Deputy Commander at the Norwegian National Defence College; Dr. Nataliya Danilova, Research Fellow, Governance Research Centre, Department of Politics, University of Bristol; Ms. Allison Gill, Director, Moscow Office, Human Rights Watch; Mr. Emmanuel Jacob, President, European Organisation of Military Associations (EUROMIL); Prof. Michael Noone, Professor of Law, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, former prosecutor-general of the US Air Force; Ms. Paulyn Marrinan Quinn, SC, Ombudsman for the Irish Defence Forces; Captain Katja Roeder, Equal Rights Advisor of the German Federal Armed Forces Association; Prof. Peter Rowe, Professor of Law, Lancaster University Law School, UK; Prof. Dr. Ruth Seifert, Professor of Sociology at the University of Applied Sciences Regensburg, Germany; Mr. Irakli Sesiashvili, Director of the association Justice and Liberty, former Deputy Ombudsman on Military Issues, Georgia. Furthermore, thanks are expressed to Mr. Willem F. van Eekelen, former Minister of Defence of the Netherlands; Mr. Jos Weerts, Head of the Research Department of the Netherlands Institute for Veterans; as well as Mr. David Nowsworthy, Megan Bastick and Major General (ret.) Guy de Haynin de Brie (all at DCAF) for their useful comments on earlier drafts of the handbook. ODIHR and DCAF are grateful to the governments of Austria, Germany, Finland, and the Netherlands for their financial contribution to the development of this handbook. 5 Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel