43 DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS Weapons that may use technologies that produce concentrated electromagnetic energy and atomic or subatomic particles as a means to damage or destroy equipment or to kill or injure personnel.122 Directed energy weapons may also be employed for non-lethal purposes, such as when laser dazzle devices are used to give a warning from a distance to potentially hostile actors. DISCRIMINATION Any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of prohibited grounds (see section 2.11 above) that has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of human rights or fundamental freedoms. IMMINENT THREAT A threat that is reasonably expected to arise within a split second, or at most within a matter of several seconds.123 INJURY Physical or physiological bodily trauma resulting from the interaction of the body with energy (mechanical, thermal, electrical or radiant, or due to extreme pressure) in an amount or at a rate of transfer that exceeds physical or physiological tolerance, or with toxic chemical substances.124 See Joint Chiefs of Staff, Electronic Warfare, Joint Publication 3–13.1, 8 February 2012, pp. 1–16; and A. Feickert, U.S. Army Weapons-Related Directed Energy (DE) Programs: Background and Potential Issues for Congress, United States Congressional Research Service, 12 February 2018, p. 1. 123 Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (A/HRC/26/36), para. 59; see also UNODC/OHCHR, Resource book on the use of force and firearms in law enforcement, p. 21. 124 World Health Organization (WHO), “Injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes”, International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI), June 2018 (available at https://bit.ly/2DGlH5j). 122