Contents Acknowledgements iii List of standards cited and acronyms used vii Introduction 1 Key concepts and actors 1 PART I. SETTING THE BOUNDARIES FOR THE USE OF FORCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT 1. The international legal framework for use of force in law enforcement 5 6 1.1. International human rights law, United Nations Standards and Norms on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the use of force 6 1.2. From international law to day-to-day instructions 8 1.3. Key human rights standards related to use of force 11 1.4. Rights and obligations: respect, protect, fulfil 15 1.5. The obligations in practice: guiding principles for use of force in law enforcement 16 1.6. Use of firearms 20 2. Human rights-based approach to law enforcement: legitimacy, non-discrimination and accountability 24 2.1. Legitimacy: law enforcement by consent rather than force 24 2.2. Non-discrimination: providing fair law enforcement for all 28 2.3. Scrutiny 36 PART II.  THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES 3. Command and control 41 42 3.1. The role of governments and law enforcement agencies in creating the conditions necessary for professional law enforcement 42 3.2. An effective line of command 43 3.3. Orders and obedience 45 3.4. Planning for operations 47 3.5. Creating a culture of professionalism and respect for human rights 50 4. Human resources management 53 4.1. Recruitment, selection and promotion 53 4.2. Training 54 4.3. Performance management 58 4.4. Early intervention systems 60 PART III.  INSTRUMENTS OF FORCE 5. 63 A “range of means” to allow for a differentiated response 64 5.1. Introduction: apply non-violent means first 64 5.2. A range of means 64 5.3. Instruments of “less-lethal” force 66 5.4. How to decide when to use what type of force? 68 5.5. Use-of-force models and matrices 71 5.6. Protective gear, communication equipment and self-defence 73 5.7. Procuring instruments of force 74 v