List of standards cited and acronyms used ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers AEP Attenuating Energy Projectiles APP Authorized Professional Practice Basic Principles Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (BPUFF) Body of Principles Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment BPUFF Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials CAT Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations ECHR European Court of Human Rights EJE Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Execution(s) FOAA Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association HRC Human Rights Committee IACP International Association of Chiefs of Police ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICPAPED International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross INP Indonesian National Police IPID Independent Police Investigative Directorate (South Africa) LEA Law Enforcement Agency(ies) LEO Law Enforcement Official(s) LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Intersex Nelson Mandela Rules Revised United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR Revised) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPM National Prevention Mechanism OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OPCAT Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PLAN Proportionality, Legality, Accountability and Necessity PSNI Police Service of Northern Ireland RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police SAPS South African Police Service SMR United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners SOP Standard Operational/Operating Procedure(s) SR Special Rapporteur SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN Code of Conduct United Nations Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials UNESCO United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Havana Rules United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty vii