• How to take action? (What do different duty-bearers need to do to address each factor?)12 • Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage; • Caesarean sections; and NHRIs can assist governments in conducting rights-based analyses of sexual and reproductive health problems and in identifying the institutional and capacity gaps that need to be addressed. In countries experiencing serious sexual and reproductive health challenges – such as for instance high levels of maternal mortality and high prevalence of new HIV infections –, governments, as the main duty-bearers, will typically be confronted by gaps in their ability to ensure that sexual and reproductive health services are available, accessible, and acceptable and of good quality. According to WHO, the following are essential interventions to improve maternal health13 (and to the realization of reproductive rights): • Appropriate postpartum care. The role of NHRIs is to make sure, through involvement in the policy making process or by reviewing the policy, that all these elements are part of the national public health strategy. From a rights-holders perspective, NHRIs can ensure that health strategies and plans and, more broadly, national development strategies also address the legal barriers as well as the institutional and capacity gaps that prevent marginalized and vulnerable groups from accessing sexual and reproductive health services, from claiming their rights and from participating actively in the formulation of the said strategies and plans. • Family planning; • Prevention and management of sexual transmitted infections, including HIV; • Management of unintended pregnancies, including access to safe abortion services, wherever legal, and post-abortion care; • Detection of domestic violence; • Management of pre-labour rupture of membranes and preterm labour; • Induction of labour for prolonged pregnancies; 12 A/HRC/21/22, para 46 13 A/HRC/21/22, para 26 86 To ensure effective implementation in furthering universal access to sexual and reproductive health, the national public health strategy has to be accompanied by deliberate steps in terms of financing, population coverage and service expansion. Ensuring a HRBA continuum in the interface between policy and budget formulation is another important step in the planning process for which the contribution of NHRIs is fundamental. As part of a multi-sectoral response, the government has to match up the identified institutional and capacity gaps with relevant budgetary allocations across a range of ministries, departments and institutions. “For example, addressing adolescent pregnancy must be done in conjunction with the Ministry