org.uk/resources/annual-report-2010 29 Yantai Muping Yuanda Trading Company website: http://www.ytyuanda.com/ (accessed April 2014); Yantai Muping Yuanda Trading Company Ltd. brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2009). 30 Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Man- fred Nowak, Mission to China, 10 March 2006, p. 20, para. 68, available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/ GEN/G06/117/50/PDF/G0611750.pdf?OpenElement 31 Jing Jiang Tiancheng Police Equipment Factory advertised 7.5kg restraints in 2009 and Yantai Muping Yuanda Trad- ing Company Ltd website currently advertises 8 kg weighted leg cuffs, see www.ytyuanda.com/product/product242.html, (accessed August 2014). 32 Yantai Muping Yuanda Trading Company Ltd website http://www.ytyuanda.com/product/product281.html (accessed 2014). 33 The greatest risk of abuse is that the neck ring could easily be used to pull, push or throw the detainee, as well as the inherent risk of over-tightening. If the neck ring were pulled from the back there is a great risk of suffocation or damage to the throat or voice box. There could be soft tissue damage to the nerves and blood vessels in the area, in addition to swelling from injury affecting breathing and swallowing. 34 Chen Ye Tian Ying Police Equipment Technology Development Company Ltd brochure (undated but obtained in 2004). 35 In 2000, the United Nations Committee against Torture recommended that the USA “Abolish …restraint chairs as methods of restraining those in custody. Their use almost invariably leads to breaches of article 16 of the Convention”: UN, Conclusions and Recommendations of the Committee against Torture: United States of America, 15/05/2000. CAT/C/24/6. (Concluding Observations/Comments), 24th Session, 1st-19th May 2000. 36 Examples of advertisements are in the Omega database. 37 Amnesty International, USA: Excessive and lethal force? Amnesty International’s concerns about deaths and illtreatment involving police use of Tasers (Index: AMR 51/139/2004), 30 November 2004. 38 See R.E. Nisbett and S. Schachter, ‘Cognitive manipulation of pain’, in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1966; B. Tursky, ‘Physical, physiological, and psychological factors that affect pain reaction to electric shock’, in Psychophysiology, 1974; and R.T. Green, ‘The Absolute Threshold of Electric Shock’, in the British Journal of Psychology, Volume 53, Issue 2, May 1962, pp. 107-115. 39 Examples of advertisements are in the Omega database. 40 See, for example: International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Local Tibetans beaten following three more self-immolations in Tibet’, 15 August 2012, available at www.savetibet.org/local-tibetans-beaten-following-three-more-self-immolationsin-tibet/#sthash.nDLhcMr3.dpuf; Free Tibet, ‘Tibetans beaten with spiked batons following double self-immolation’, 14 August 2012, available at http://freetibet.org/news-media/pr/tibetans-beaten-spiked-batons-following-double-self-immolation (accessed August 2014). 41 United States, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce, Revisions to the Commerce Control List to update and clarify Crime Control License Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No.135, 15 July 2010, p. 41082. 42 European Commission, L338/31, para. 5, 21 December 2011, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:338:0031:0034:EN:PDF (accessed August 2014). 43 Amnesty International has recorded the misuse of batons by police and other security officers in numerous countries and documented this in a large number of reports which can be found at: www.amnesty.org. Among the most recent reports to record abuse involving batons are: Amnesty International, Police violence in Greece: Not just ‘isolated incidents’ (Index: EUR 25/005/2012), July 2012, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR25/005/2012 and Amnesty International, “They use a strategy of fear”: Protecting the right to protest in Brazil (Index: AMR 19/005/2014), June 2014, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR19/005/2014/en. 44 M. Stark, Clinical Forensic Medicine: A Physician’s Guide, 2005, p.198. 45 Omega database. 46 A study on OC (oleoresin capsicum) sprays and cocaine use found that “Cocaine and capsaicin may interact in several ways to increase lethality” and called for “further study… to assess whether an interaction also exists with methamphetamine and to elucidate the mechanisms behind the increased toxicity of combined capsaicinoids and psychostimulants”, see: J. Mendelsohn et al, ‘Capsaicin, an active ingredient in pepper sprays, increases the lethality of cocaine’, in Forensic Toxicology 28, 2010, pp. 33–37. OC has also been found to have contributed to two deaths, where the subjects also had asthma, see: NIJ, ‘Research for practice: the effectiveness and safety of pepper spray’, 2003. A report into different PAVA and OC devices available found that several potential unintended effects – including “increased blood pressure, increased intraocular pressure, reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS), neurotoxicity, and developmental or reproductive effects” – were of “potential concern” but that “insufficient information was available for a full evaluation”, see: Lynne Haber et al, Human effectiveness and risk characterization of oleoresin capsicum (oc) and pelargonic acid vanillylamide (pava or nonivamide) hand-held devices, Air Force Research Laboratory, p, iii, May 2007, available at http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a476262.pdf. 47 K.Maguire, D.M. Hughes, M.S. Fitzpatrick, F. Dunn, L.G.R. Rocke and C.J. Baird, ‘Injuries caused by the attenuated energy projectile: the latest less lethal option, in Emergency Medicine Journal, 24, 2007, pp. 103-105. 48 ‘Effects of incapacitant spray deployed in the restraint and arrest of detainees in the Metropolitan Police Service area, London, UK: a prospective study’, Forensic Sci Med Pathol (2014) 10:62-68; ‘Formula for determining lethal dosage of CN and CS in confined areas’, Federal Laboratories Inc., Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, USA. In ‘Riot Control’ [Company China’s Trade in Tools of Torture and Repression Amnesty International – Index: ASA 17/042/2014 35