Summary of Part 1 • Violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism have to be distinguished from extremism and radicalization alone. The expression of radical and extreme views, no matter how radical they may be, should not in itself be considered a crime. • Radicalization is no threat to society unless it is connected to violence or other unlawful acts, such as incitement to hatred, as defined in compliance with international human rights law. All legislation and policies to counter terrorism and to prevent VERLT must be firmly grounded in the respect for human rights and the rule of law. • Both outside and inside prisons, there is no direct pathway to terrorism, and no single profile of a terrorist or violent extremist. VERLT is driven by push and pull factors that combine differently in each individual case. These factors may also differ in the cases of men and women, and boys and girls. • Human rights violations are widely recognized as conditions that may contribute to VERLT. In prisons, contributing factors may include torture and other ill-treatment, poor conditions of detention, overcrowding, lack of safety and security, discrimination, lack of effective complaint mechanisms, poor prison management and corruption. • The risk of radicalization to terrorism or violence in detention should be recognized, but not overstated. • Detention monitors may face particular challenges when addressing the topic of VERLT in their work, in terms of access to facilities, detainees and information, and may come in for close scrutiny and/or criticism when making recommendations to state authorities.