Guidebook 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 134 content/uploads/A2L-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf> accessed 5 December 2019 (hereinafter Fair Trials, ‘Roadmap: Access to a Lawyer Directive’); Fair Trials, ‘Effective Legal Assistance in Pre-Trial Detention Decision-Making’ <https://www.fairtrials.org/sites/default/files/ publication_pdf/Fair-Trials-EFPTD-regional-handbook.pdf> accessed 11 December 2019(hereinafter Fair Trials, ‘Effective Legal Assistance’); Lloyd-Cape; Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (ECCB) and European Law Foundation, 'TRAINAC — Assessment, good practices and recommendations on the right to interpretation and translation, the right to information and the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings' (2016) <http://europeanlawyersfoundation.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/TRAINACstudy.pdf> accessed 11 December 2018; European Commission, COM (2019) 560 final. Directive 2016/1919/EU on legal aid for suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings and for requested persons in European arrest warrant proceedings (hereinafter Directive on legal aid). ICCPR, Art 14(d); CRPD, Art 13; ECHR, Art 6(3)(c); EU Charter, Art 48(2). Non-Binding soft laws: UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers; UN Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems. See e.g., Salduz v Turkey, §54. FRA, ‘Rights in practice’ (2019), p38. See also APT, 'Legal Briefing, Legal Safeguards to Prevent Torture, The Right of Access to Lawyers for Persons Deprived of Liberty' (March 2019) p. 2 (hereinafter APT, Legal Briefing (2019)); SPT, ‘Report on the Visit of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment to the Maldives’ (2019) CAT/OP/MDV/1, para 62; Fair Trials, ‘Effective Legal Assistance’, p 22. Nowak/Birk/Monina, Article 2 CAT at pp 72ff, and Article 16 CAT at 441ff. Carver/Handley, p 69; APT, ‘Torture Prevention Works!’ (2018); APT, Legal Briefing (2019) p 2; HRC, GC 20 (10 March 1992) § 11; CAT, GC 2 (24 January 2008) § 13; Kozma/Rachlew; Nowak/Birk/Monina, Article 11 CAT at 318ff; CPT, ‘28th General Report of the CPT’ (2018) CPT/Inf(2019) 9, para 66; FRA, ‘Rights in practice’ (2019), p 38; Beuze v Belgium, §§125130. APT, Legal Briefing (2019), p 2. At the same time, the presence of the lawyer can also work as a protection for police officers against unfounded allegations of ill-treatment, see also audio-visual recordings. Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 3(2).. Directive on Access to a lawyer, Recital 53; see also Dayanan v Turkey, § 32; Beuze v Belgium, §§ 125-130. See Eckle v Germany, App No 8130/78 (ECtHR, 15 July 1982), § 73; Simeonovi v Bulgaria, § 110. Eckle v Germany, App No 8130/78 (ECtHR, 15 July 1982), § 73. Truten v Ukraine, App no 18041/08 (ECtHR, 23 June 2016) §66. See also FRA, ‘Rights in Practice’ (2019), p 38. APT, Legal Briefing (2019), p 5. HRC, ‘General Comment No 32 on Article 14’ (2007) CCPR/C/GC/32. See also UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, para 7, which states: ‘Governments shall further ensure that all persons arrested or detained, with or without criminal charge, shall have prompt access to a lawyer, and in any case no later than forty-eight hours from the time of arrest or detention’. UNODC, The UN Basic Principles on the role of the lawyers, Special safeguards in criminal justice matters (7). Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 3(3), Art 4; Recital 33; e.g. A.T. v Luxembourg, App No 30460/13 (ECtHR, 9 April 2015); Sakhnovskiy v Russia, App no 21272/03 (ECtHR, GC, 2 November 2010), § 102. FOOTNOTES 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 3(3)(b). Salduz v Turkey, § 55. CCPR/C/GC/32, para34; UN Basic Principles 5 and 8. Directive on access to a lawyer, Art. 3(3)(b) and Recital 25. A.T. vs Luxembourg, App No 30460/13 (ECtHR, 9 April 2015). Dayanan v. Turkey. See e.g., Salduz v Turkey, §55; Ibrahim and others v the United Kingdom, §258;; Simeonovi v Bulgaria, §112. 92 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 3(5 and 6); Recital 32. 93 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 8. 94 See e.g., Salduz v Turkey, §55; Ibrahim and others v the United Kingdom, §263-265. FRA, ‘Rights in Practice’ (2019), p.39, Fair Trials, ‘Effective Legal Assistance’, p 9. 95 Directive on access to a lawyer, Recital 39. 96 Pishchalnikov v Russia, App no 7025/04 (ECtHR, 24 December 2019), § 78; Simeonovi v Bulgaria, § 128. 97 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 9(1)(a) and (b). 98 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 9(2). 99 Directive on access to a lawyer, Art 9(3), Recital 41. 100 European Commission, Recommendation from 27 November 2013 on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings (hereinafter Recommendation on vulnerable persons), Recommendation 11. 101 Saman v. Turkey, App No 35292/05 (ECtHR, 5 April 2011), § 35 (hereinafter Saman v Turkey). 102 Panovits v. Cyprus App No 4268/04 (ECtHR, 11 December 2008),§ 74 (hereinafter Panovits v Cyprus). 103 Zaichenko v. Russia App No 33720/05 (ECtHR, 1 February 2007),§ 55. 104 Stojkovic v. France and Belgium, App No 25303/08 (ECtHR, 27 October 2011), § 53. 105 Panovits v. Cyprus, § 67. 106 Kaciu and Kotorri v. Albania, App Nos 33192/07 and 33194/07 (ECtHR, 25 June 2013), § 120. 107 Pishchalnikov v Russia, App No 7025/04 (ECtHR, 24 December 2019), §80. 108 Plonka v. Poland, App No. 20310/02 (ECtHR, 31 March 2009), §38. 109 Fair Trials, ‘Roadmap: Access to a Lawyer Directive’, p.13. 110 See also EU Charter: Art 47; ECHR: Art 6(3)(c); ICCPR: Art 14(3)(d); UN, United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems, Resolution A/67/458. 111 Directive on legal aid, Art 4. 112 Directive on legal aid, Recitals 19 and 24, Art 4. 113 Directive on legal aid, Art 4. See also UNODC, 'Early access to legal aid in criminal justice processes: a handbook for policymakers and practitioners' (UN 2014). 114 See UNODC, Model Law on Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems with Commentaries (UN 2017); UNODC, Handbook on Ensuring Quality of Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice Processes. Practical Guidance and promising practices (UN 2019). 115 Directive on legal aid, Art 7. 116 Lloyd-Cape, p 5; Carver/Handley, p 69. 117 Fair Trials, ‘Roadmap: Access to a Lawyer Directive’, pp 22 ff. 118 Carver/Handley, p 199. 135