CONCLUSION The case-law of the ECtHR on this subject is somewhat limited, and suffers from the limited amount of evidence that the ECtHR usually has at its disposal when reaching decisions as to whether or not the right to language assistance had been upheld and enjoyed. The Directive, in imposing common standards in the area of interpretation and translation, provides a more structured normative framework within which local decision-making will have to be taken and judicially controlled. Fair Trials is cautiously hopeful that this Directive could really help criminal defence. The nonresident citizen is EU law’s historical beneficiary – as in the case of Bickel and Franz, where EU Treaty provisions were used to prevent discrimination against non-residents in the provision of interpretation in court proceedings. We hope that now the EU has decided to provide EU law protection to non-native speaking criminal defendants, the latter will enjoy robust protection. Pending interpretation of the Directive by the CJEU, throughout this Toolkit, we have sought to make clear when we are taking a view on the Directive, and have tried to say explicitly where our legal approach has come from. However, we fully accept that there may be other views. Please do not hesitate to give us feedback on this Toolkit: tell us if you found it useful, if you disagree, and why. We also encourage you to engage with Fair Trials and the networks we coordinate:  Contact us to let us know how of your experience invoking the Directive.  Let us know if courts issue positive decisions applying the Directives.  If questions of interpretation arise, consider the CJEU route: see the Using EU law toolkit, our 2014 paper on strategic approaches to the CJEU43 and our online training video on the preliminary ruling procedure in criminal practice.44  Visit our website www.fairtrials.org regularly for updates on key developments relating to the Directives, and news about in-person trainings.  Come to us if you don’t get anywhere with the courts, because we can explore other options like taking complaints to the European Commission.  Get involved with pushing the issues in the domestic context: see our paper Towards an EU Defence Rights Movement45 for concrete ideas on articles, litigation, conferences etc. Fair Trials Europe Legal Experts Advisory Panel March 2015 43 Fair Trials, Strategic approaches to litigation before the CJEU on the Roadmap Directives and EAW, 2014, available at http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/140818-CJEU-meeting-report.pdf. 44 Available at http://www.fairtrials.org/fair-trials-defenders/legal-training/online-training/. 45 LEAP, Strategies for implementation of the Roadmap Directives: Towards an EU Defence Rights Movement, February 2015, available at: http://www.fairtrials.org/wp-content/uploads/5A-IMPLEMENTATION-MOVEMENT-PAPER.pdf. 45