Europe EU countries: Germany and France show the most varied base of providers for medical and/or psychological assistance to VoTs. Centres in the remaining EU Member States, apart from Hungary and Bulgaria, indicated that assistance is provided by either NGOs or state institutions. In Hungary and Bulgaria, the sole providers of assistance to VoTs are NGOs. In Finland, if a doctor assesses that a VoT needs medical or psychological assistance, the VoT will be referred to the appropriate health care services. In Ireland, the majority of SPIRASI’s clients are referred by general practitioners (80 percent) and other medical professionals. About 20 percent are referred by legal professionals. In the Netherlands, clients are referred through the public health system, and in Sweden, they are referred by the immigration authorities, by legal professionals or by self-referral.78 Rest of Europe: The centre in Armenia reported that all four types of institutions can provide medical or psychological assistance to VoTs. In Kosovo and Moldova, either NGOs or state institutions can provide assistance. The member centre in Moldova confirmed that clients are referred by their lawyer, other NGOs, journalists or they approach the centre of their own accord. In Turkey, NGOs are the sole provider of medical or psychological assistance to VoTs. North America and the Pacific Both Canada and the USA have a variety of providers of medical and/or psychological assistance to VoTs. In Canada the centre indicated all four categories of providers are relevant. In the USA, the member centres reported that NGOs and pro-bono doctors provide assistance to VoTs. There is a marked difference in the providers in the Pacific region. The centres in Australia indicated that all four categories of providers are relevant. However, in New Zealand only NGOs provide medical and/or psychological assistance. QUESTION 14 Who finances the medical / psychological assistance provided to VoTs? Member centres were asked whether assistance was financed by domestic public funds (health insurance; public grants (national/regional/local); or decentralised EU funding); private funds (the centre’s core funds; charities or foundations; private individuals); or international donors (UN Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture; EU funds; USAID; other foreign governments; other international donors). General observations The main funding sources for medical and/or psychological assistance to VoTs comes from: the UNVFVT (72 percent), public grants (67 percent), public health insurance (55 percent) or private funds (55 percent). Half of the respondents indicated that funding comes from a combination of all three categories (domestic public, private, international). Just under half (44 percent) indicated that there is no private funding. The majority of respondents (83 percent) reported that they receive some funding from international donors. The Netherlands was the only country that indicated that it only receives funding from one source — health insurance. The results are shown in the diagram below. 46 / Recognising victims of torture in national asylum procedures