A/68/44 President and the executive branch, and that the President is responsible for appointing and dismissing judges (arts. 2, 12 and 13). The State party should take measures to ensure the full independence and impartiality of the judiciary in the performance of its functions, and review the regime of appointment, promotion and dismissal of judges in line with the relevant international standards, including the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (endorsed by General Assembly resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985). Non-refoulement and extradition (18) The Committee is concerned that the Criminal Procedure Code does not contain any provision on the absolute prohibition of extradition or deportation in cases where the subject would be at risk of torture, and that there are no clear procedures in legislation for challenging the legality before a court in extradition and deportation proceedings. It is also concerned about reports of extradition requests made by the State party of persons alleged to be members of banned Islamic groups, who, upon return to Tajikistan, are reportedly held in incommunicado detention and in solitary confinement, and subjected to torture and/or ill-treatment by law enforcement officials. It is further concerned by allegations that persons facing risk of torture upon their return and have applied for interim measures at the European Court of Human Rights have been abducted by Tajikistani security forces in a neighbouring country and forcibly returned to Tajikistan, and subsequently subjected to torture and/or ill-treatment. Additionally, the Committee is concerned by reports that Abdulvosi Latipov, former member of the United Tajik Opposition, has allegedly been abducted from the Russian Federation to Tajikistan in October 2012 and is being held incommunicado (art. 3). The State party should: (a) Clearly establish in law and respect its non-refoulement obligations under article 3 of the Convention, including the right to appeal the issuance of an extradition warrant, and refrain from seeking and accepting diplomatic assurances from a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that a person would be at risk of being subjected to torture. It should provide detailed information to the Committee on all cases where such assurances have been provided; (b) Cease the practice of abducting and forcibly returning individuals to Tajikistan from other States and subsequently holding them in incommunicado detention, and ensure that they are not subjected to acts of torture and ill-treatment; (c) Disclose the whereabouts of Abdulvosi Latipov and ensure that he is not subjected to torture or ill-treatment and that his fundamental rights are fully guaranteed, including timely access to an independent lawyer. Training (19) The Committee welcomes the organization of human rights training programmes for law enforcement officials, judges, prosecutorial staff and Ministry of Interior personnel during the period under consideration, as well as the establishment of a Working Group headed by the Chair of the Constitutional Court to raise awareness and build capacity of law enforcement officials on the prohibition of torture. However, it remains concerned at the lack of adequate training of law enforcement officials and medical professionals in assessing and responding to cases of domestic violence against women, including rape, violence against children, and trafficking. The Committee is further concerned that forensic services are reportedly not staffed with medical personnel trained in documenting and investigating torture in accordance with the provisions of the Manual on Effective 82 GE.13-46043