Preparation for release and post-release support Re-entry into society can be distressing for prisoners and many suffer from depression or anxiety after their release. For rehabilitation and social reintegration to be successful, prison systems should focus from an early stage on preparing prisoners for release, by building confidence, self-esteem and independence. The Nelson Mandela Rules stipulate that before the completion of a sentence, necessary steps should be taken to ensure a gradual return to life in society for the prisoner. The Rules also point out that the duty of society does not end with a prisoner’s release, noting that there should be governmental or private agencies ‘capable of lending the released prisoner efficient aftercare directed towards the lessening of prejudice against him or her and towards his or her social rehabilitation’.94 The Bangkok Rules state that ‘[a]dditional support following release shall be provided to released women prisoners who need psychological, medical, legal and practical help to ensure their successful social reintegration, in cooperation with services in the community’.95 The problems women face after release from prison tend to be very different from those that men face, particularly in relation to their health, employment opportunities, housing and primary care responsibilities. Many women return to the same abusive situations that led them to prison. Good rehabilitation and pre-release schemes take these factors into account, providing prisoners with the practical skills and tools they need to adapt to life after prison. There are many examples of such programmes, with the most successful incorporating both emotional and practical support and advice. In-prison programmes should help female prisoners prepare to adapt to life in the community by teaching them life and relationship skills and how to deal with situations that may arise. This could include problem solving, communication, self-assertiveness, anger management and conflict resolution. Programmes that educate women on their rights are also particularly important. Programmes that are linked to community initiatives can be particularly beneficial as they can provide continuity of support post-release. 36 | Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Guide to the rehabilitation and social reintegration of women prisoners