ENDNOTES 44 For example, a Penal Reform International survey of female prisoners in Jordan and Tunisia found that 39 per cent of women surveyed had experienced family breakdown and nine per cent had their children taken away. Penal Reform International, Who are women prisoners? Survey results from Jordan and Tunisia, 2014. 45 For example, a 2018 study by the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) of Bronzefield women’s prison in England found that over half of women left the prison with no fixed residence. Independent Monitoring Boards, Annual Report of the Independent Monitoring Board at HMP and YOI Bronzefield for reporting year 1 August 2016–31 July 2017, 2017, p16. 46 For example, a study in England and Wales found that within one year of being released, former female prisoners were 36 times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. Pratt D et al, ‘Suicide in recently released prisoners: a case-control study’, Psychological Medicine, Vol 40, No 6, May 2010, p827. 47 For example, a 2011 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime study found that 15.6 per cent of female prisoners in Pakistan had been imprisoned for commercial sex work. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Country Office Pakistan, Females Behind Bars: Situation and Needs Assessment in Female Prisons and Barracks, 2011, Executive Summary. 48 For example, a 2007 study found that approximately 20 per cent of incarcerated women in Afghanistan had been charged with the crime of running away, often combined with another offence, such as adultery or theft. Human Rights Watch, “I Had to Run Away”: The Imprisonment of Women and Girls for ‘Moral Crimes’ in Afghanistan, March 2012, p1. 49 Prison Policy Initiative, Out of prison and out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people, July 2018. 50 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes provides more guidance on how prison authorities can assess the current situation and plan improvements in relation to rehabilitation and reintegration. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes, 2017, Chapter 2. 51 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes provides more guidance on how prison authorities can assess the current situation and plan improvements in relation to rehabilitation and reintegration. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes, 2017, Chapter 6. 52 For more information on prison management and human rights, see Institute for Criminal Policy Research, A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management – Handbook for Prison Staff, 2018. 53 Rule 76 (1) of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) provides more details on the minimum training that all prison staff should receive. 54 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 78. 55 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rules 29 and 33. 56 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 81 (3). 57 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook for Prison Managers and Policymakers on Women and Imprisonment, 2008, p27. 58 The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Management by Prison Administrations of Life-Sentence and Other Long-Term Prisoners, Recommendation REC (2003)23, 9 October 2003, para. 73. 59 Penal Reform International, Index of implementation: United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), 2013. 60 For more information on the Thailand Institute of Justice’s work on implementation of the Bangkok Rules, see www.tijbangkokrules.org. 61 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rule 15. 62 In line with the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 24, and the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rule 62. 63 For example, one Canadian study found that women offenders who were released and who did not participate in a drug treatment programme were 10 times more likely to return to prison within one year than the prisoners who did participate. Matheson I, Doherty S and Grant B, ‘Community-based aftercare and return to custody in a national sample of substance-abusing women offenders’, American Journal of Public Health, Vol 101, No 6, June 2011, p1129. 64 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 89. 65 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rule 4. 66 For more information on the WRNA, see www.uc.edu/womenoffenders.html. 67 There are many different ways in which prison authorities can promote contact with family and community and particular arrangements may differ according to the local culture. For an illustrative list of different types of family visits, see OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and Penal Reform International, Guidance Document on the Nelson Mandela Rules – Implementing the United Nations Revised Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 2018, p119. 68 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rule 44. 69 HM Inspectorate of Prisons, Resettlement provision for adult offenders: Accommodation and education, training and employment, September 2014. 70 ‘Families vital for prisoner rehabilitation’, Criminal Justice Joint Inspection, 16 September 2014, www.justiceinspectorates. gov.uk/cjji/media/press-releases/2014/09/ families-vital-for-prisoner-rehabilitation. 71 For example, see RAND Corporation, Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education – A Meta-Analysis of Programs that Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults, 2013. This study, commissioned by the U.S Department of Justice, confirmed a clear link between the provision of education programmes and vocational training in prisons and the reduction of recidivism and improvement of future job prospects. 72 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, The right to education of persons in detention, 2009, A/HRC/11/8, para. 4. 73 Ibid. 74 In England and Wales, independent inspectors found that ‘prisoners taking part in education or an offending behaviour course can earn less than those in employment or carrying out manual work in a workshop. This can act as a disincentive for a prisoner to take part in education or an offending behaviour programme, even where these would better meet their needs and help reduce the likelihood that they will reoffend.’ HM Inspectorate of Prisons, Life in Prison: Earning and Spending Money – A Findings Paper, January 2016. 75 For example, an analysis of the outcomes for prisoners who received grants for distance learning courses through the Prisoners’ Education Trust (PET) scheme in England and Wales demonstrated that participants in the scheme were more likely to be employed after their release and spent fewer days receiving out-of-work benefits compared with a group of offenders who had not received these grants. The study also demonstrated a significant improvement in reoffending rates for those supported by distance learning grants (18 per cent) compared with non-participants (25 per cent). Ministry of Justice, Justice Data Lab Re-Offending Analysis: Prisoners Education Trust, 2015. 76 Batra R, Jasso T and Stevens Y, Florida University, Learning Behind Bars: Exploring Prison Educators’ Facilitation of Inmates’ Self-directed Learning through Garrison’s Model, 2012. 77 World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UNAIDS, Evidence for action technical papers – Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons, 2017. 78 Grinstead OA, Zack B and Faigeles B, ‘Collaborative research to prevent HIV among male prison inmates and their female partners’, Health Education & Behavior, Vol 26, No 2, 1999, pp225–238. 79 See Champion N, ‘Prison education: university partnerships paving the way to successful reintegration’, PRI blog, 9 January 2018, www.penalreform.org/blog/ prison-education-university-partnershipspaving-the-way-to. 80 See United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC Annual Report Covering activities during 2015, 2016, p67. 81 ‘University of Panama extends admission period for CEFERE and Renacer’, Government of the Republic of Panama, 28 February 2018 (Spanish), www.mingob.gob.pa/universidad-depanama-extiende-periodo-de-admision-enel-cefere-y-el-renacer. 82 For more information, see wallstobridges.ca. 83 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The Bangkok Rules: United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders with their Commentary, 2010, commentary to Rule 42. 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