ENDNOTES 84 For more information, see ‘Helping Bolivian women build their economic freedom’, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 9 October 2018, www.unodc.org/ dohadeclaration/en/news/2018/10/helpingbolivian-women-build-their-economicfreedom.html. 85 For example, British research from 2002 provides evidence to show that being in employment reduces the risk of reoffending by between a third and a half. Social Exclusion Unit, Reducing re-offending by ex-prisoners, 2002. 86 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rules 97–98. 87 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes provides more guidance on how prison authorities can assess the current situation and plan improvements in relation to rehabilitation and reintegration. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes, 2017, Chapter 5. 88 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 30 (e). 89 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 99. 90 See International Labour Organization, Checkpoints: Eliminating and Preventing Forced Labour, 2016. 91 For more information, see ‘Q&As on Business and Forced Labour: When is it OK to use prison labour?’, International Labour Organization, www.ilo.org/empent/areas/ business-helpdesk/faqs/WCMS_DOC_ENT_ HLP_FL_FAQ_EN/lang--en/index.htm#Q3. 92 ‘Female Inmates In Indiana Pitch Plan To Rehab Empty Houses — And Their Lives’, NPR, 2 November 2017, www.npr.org/2017/11/01/559901323/ female-inmates-in-indiana-pitch-plan-torehab-empty-houses-and-their-lives. 93 ‘Penitentiary reform: education and training to promote social reintegration and prevent recidivism’, Algeria Press Service, 17 March 2019 (in French), www.aps.dz/ algerie/63699-reforme-penitentiaire-lenseignement-et-la-formation-pourfavoriser-la-reinsertion-sociale-et-prevenirla-recidive. 94 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rules 87 and 90. 95 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rule 47. 52 | 96 For more information, see www.yellowribbon.org.sg. 97 CHREAA is a not-for-profit non-governmental organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights by assisting vulnerable and marginalised people in Malawi. CHREAA works within the criminal justice system providing legal aid services to people in conflict with the law through its paralegals service. 98 For more information, see ccphe.ubc.ca/ projects/unlocking-the-gates-utg-peerhealth-mentoring-program. 99 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, The right to education of persons in detention, 2009, A/HRC/11/8, para. 41. 100 For example, a 2001 report by the Coalition for Juvenile Justice found that between 70 and 87 per cent of incarcerated juveniles in the US suffered from emotional disabilities that interfered with their education. Coalition for Juvenile Justice, CJJ 2001 Annual Report: An Overview, 2001. 101 SIPAR is a French organisation that has supported the building of libraries and the provision of books in all Cambodian prisons and is now working on developing prison libraries to become multi-functional education centres. SIPAR also provides formal qualifications for prison staff who train as librarians. SIPAR has a new prison project focused on prisoner literacy, vocational training and reintegration. 102 For more information, see www.fundaciondiagrama.es. 103 For more information, see yogabehindbars.org. 104 For more information, see birthbeyondbars.com/about-us. 105 For more information, see yogabehindbars.org/prenatal-yoga-prison. 106 This guide does not cover issues relating to the detention of asylum seekers or those detained in immigration detention facilities. This term would however include immigrants detained in countries where illegal immigration is a criminal offence and illegal immigrants are convicted and held with prisoners convicted of criminal offences. 107 For more information, see www.meganexus.com/foriner. 108 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), Rules 54–55. 109 Human Rights Law Centre and the Change the Record Coalition, Over-represented and overlooked: the crisis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s growing over-imprisonment, 2017. 110 For more information on mental health in prisons, see World Health Organization, Mental health in prisons, 2014; Penal Reform International, Mental health in prisons: A short guide for prison staff, 2018. 111 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 5. 112 Human Rights Watch, Submission to the UN Working Group on Discrimination Against Women in Law and Practice, September 2018. 113 ‘At Risk: Sexual Abuse and Vulnerable Groups Behind Bars: Hearing Before the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission’, testimony of Kendall Spruce, 19 August 2005. 114 For more information, see Association for the Prevention of Torture, Towards the Effective Protection of LGBTI Persons Deprived of Liberty: A Monitoring Guide, 2018. 115 One estimate states that the number of transgender prisoners in Thai prisons increased from 1,600 to 4,110 between 2006 to 2016. Chitsawang N, ‘Transgender Prisoners in Thailand Keep Growing’, Thailand Criminology and Corrections, 2016, thaicriminology.com/transgenderprisoners-in-thailand-keep-growing.html. 116 Sleap B, ‘Old age behind bars: how can prisons adapt to the needs of increasingly elderly populations?’, PRI blog, 25 September 2014, www.penalreform.org/ blog/age-bars-prisons-adapt-increasinglyelderly-populations. 117 Kerbs J and Jolley J, ‘A Commentary on Age Segregation for Older Prisoners: Philosophical and Pragmatic Considerations for Correctional Systems’, Criminal Justice Review, Vol 34, No 1, 2009, pp119–139. 118 These recommendations can be read in conjunction with the master checklist for initiating/enhancing prison-based rehabilitation programmes, which can be found in United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programmes, 2017, pp61–66. Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice | Guide to the rehabilitation and social reintegration of women prisoners