The Disappearing Trial Country Trial waiver system? Date of adoption 160 Type of trial waiver system Reason for introduction Serbia Yes 2000–2009 Sentence incentives, To reduce costs, reduce the number of trials, charge incentives, and to save time cooperation arrangement/ crown witness system Singapore Yes 1990–1999 Charge incentives To provide a more moderate means of punishment, reduce costs, and to save resources and time South Africa Yes 2000–2009 Sentence incentives, charge incentives To avoid re-victimisation, reduce costs, save resources, reduce the number of trials, and to simplify/modernise the criminal justice system South Korea No - - - Spain Yes Pre-1990 Sentence incentives To promote efficiency and save time Sweden No - - - Switzerland Yes 2000–2009 Sentence incentives, charge To incentivise cooperation incentives, fact incentives Tanzania No - - - Thailand No - - - Turkey Yes Pre-1990 Cooperation arrangement/ To incentivise cooperation crown witness system UAE No - - - Ukraine Yes 2010–2016 Sentence incentives To increase the effectiveness of investigations, reduce the number of trials, and to simplify/ modernise the criminal justice system USA Yes Pre-1990 Sentence incentives, charge incentives, fact incentives, cooperation arrangement/crown witness system Unknown Vietnam No - - - Zambia Yes 2010–2016 Charge incentives To incentivise cooperation and reduce the number of trials Zimbabwe Yes Pre-1990 Charge incentives To recognise the autonomy of the prosecutor 160. W  e have used the dates that trial waivers were recognised in legislation or case law, meaning that an informal or unregulated trial waiver system may have existed before the date range identified in the table. 79.