-17 causes as well as the international standards relevant for its prevention is not an easy task. This Handbook is thus intended as a practical guide to assist NPMs, who are planning to tackle violence in their respective countries. It is composed of four Parts. Part 2 aims at defining violence, giving an overview of its main forms, causes and contributing factors. Part 3 illustrates the international legal standards relevant for the prevention of violence in prison. Part 4 provides an overview of the monitoring tools NPMs can use in the prevention of violence. Finally, Part 5 includes concrete practical guidance for the effective monitoring of prison violence and its prevention. The latter aims to raise the awareness of NPMs on certain topics and methodologies that, according to the Project findings, have proved to be particularly effective for the monitoring of violence and its prevention. As specified in the Project methodology, the findings of this Handbook are based on desk research and consultations with NPMs and experts conducted by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights. Additionally, bilateral interviews were conducted with representatives of the NPMs of Austria, Estonia, France, United Kingdom, Portugal, and Romania and several experts. Monitoring Prison Violence