detection techniques. The Office supports capacity building of the border and security agencies, including in the areas of illegal trafficking of radioactive materials, procedures for exchange information, co-ordination and co-operation in this area. As a follow-up to this training, the Office plans to provide a limited number of radiation detectors and dosimeters to the Customs Service. From 29 September to 10 October, the Office conducted a training course on threat assessment for a total of 22 officers from the MIA, Border Troops, Customs Service and Drug Control Agency. The threat assessment training focused on increasing the capacity to analyse, classify and assess threats. During the training, the participants learned about criminal intelligence, collection of information and search, surveillance, high-tech crime threats and threat assessment at the border. The training was given by a Turkish expert. On 17 October, the Office concluded a five-week joint patrol leadership course for 12 officers of Tajik Border Troops and ten officers from the Afghan border police. The graduates learned how to plan and conduct observation missions with the use of topographical maps, management of satellite imagery and other tools and the use of patrol planning and management techniques. The course is the 15th held under the Patrol Programming and Leadership Project (PPL), aimed at improvement of the professionalism and skills of Afghan and Tajik border guards. From 20-31 October, 12 Afghan border police officers and 12 Tajik Border Troop officers attended a patrol management and analysis course. Selected trainees from previous patrol leadership courses were given the opportunity to participate in an advanced training. They received instruction from a number of OSCE experts on management, planning, transnational organized crime, gender-related topics and border issues related specifically to the Afghan-Tajik border. As part of the PPL Project training, a field exercise with a realistic scenario on interdiction of drug smugglers took place, in which students from both countries were able to practice their skills in a real-time scenario, developing cross-border co-operation. From 3-14 November, ten Tajik border troops officers and seven Kyrgyz border service officers attended a patrol management and analysis course in the Office. A mock exercise helped to refine real-time joint operational planning, co-operation and co-ordination skills between the two border services that will help them to better co-operate and avoid potential incidents in their everyday job. As part of the training, sessions on gender sensitive border policing and treatment of criminals and victims, as well as on investigation and interviewing, were delivered by experts from the Office. Border Management Staff College (BMSC) Border Security and Border Control From 5-28 February, the BMSC conducted its tenth Staff Course for 25 mid- to senior-level officers from border, customs and drug control agencies, representing ten OSCE participating States (pS) and two Partners for Co-operation. The course addressed all dimensions of security and examined transnational threats, border security models and best practices in border control. During the course, train-the-trainer sessions were conducted to enable the graduates to pass on the skills and knowledge gained at the BMSC to colleagues back in their agencies. The Office’s human dimension training team contributed to the course with sessions on human rights. From 10 to 14 March, the first train-the-trainer course was held for graduates of the OSCE Border Management Staff College. Fifteen graduates returned to the College to participate in that course. It was designed to equip middle- and senior-ranking border, police and customs 154