to the Schwechat Airport (Vienna), the Austrian State Printing House and the Austrian Enrolment Centre, was a follow-up to the training on “Increasing Operational Awareness to Detect Forged Documents” (Istanbul, Turkey, from 5–17 May 2014). Promoting the International Legal Framework and Co-operation in Criminal Matters Related to Terrorism On 10 June 2014, TNTD/ATU and the OSCE Centre in Astana, in co-operation with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Anti-Terrorism Centre (ATC) of Kazakhstan, organized a round table on “Good Practices to Enhance Implementation of Preventive Aspects of the Terrorist Bombings Convention”. Twenty-five experts from the law enforcement, agriculture, trade, industry and mining sectors (public and private), international organizations and international experts participated at the event. Discussions focused on the control of the use of explosive and chemical substances (such as fertilizers) employed frequently by terrorists in improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Participants suggested recommendations to enhance control and avoid diversion of explosive substances into the black market, including, for instance, the possibility of joint inspections by relevant agencies with a co-ordinating role of Kazakhstan’s ATC. On 16-17 September 2014, TNTD/ATU and UNODC organized jointly a Mediterranean Regional Counterterrorism Expert Workshop on “Terrorist Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking: Enhancing the Implementation of the International Legal Framework against Terrorism” in Valletta, Malta under the auspices of the Government of Malta and with the support of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Spain and Switzerland. The event brought together around 70 participants from 21 OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation and eight international and regional organizations. Most participants were senior counter-terrorism practitioners in the areas of law enforcement, the judiciary and prosecution, officials from foreign ministries and crisis management units. The primary goal of the workshop was to exchange information and good practices and to strengthen co-operation in order to better prevent and thwart kidnappings in the region, while implementing relevant Universal AntiTerrorism Instruments. The international community has recently strengthened its legal framework (UNSC resolutions 2133, UNSC 2160 and 2170) to combat the phenomenon of kidnapping for ransom (KFR). Experts proposed and discussed a number of initiatives on how to put into practice the mandates contained in the Universal Instruments, which, together with the UNSCRs, provide the basis to address the KFR issue both in the preventive and the investigative, adjudicative and prosecution phases, as well as to enhance international co-operation. On 22-23 October 2014, in co-operation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus, TNTD/ATU organized a national training workshop in Nicosia on “Strengthening Rule of Law Compliant Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism”. Some 27 criminal justice practitioners from Cyprus, including police, prosecutors, judges, investigators, security and law enforcement authorities, as well as representatives from central authorities and relevant ministries, participated in the event. The workshop was aimed at strengthening rule-of-law-compliant criminal justice responses to effectively prevent and combat terrorism and to share best practices. Discussions focused on a number of areas listed in GCTF’s Rabat Memorandum on Good Practices, including effective co-operation and co-ordination among domestic government agencies working in counter-terrorism; the importance of international co-operation and support for strong criminal justice responses; the relevance of undercover investigations against terrorism suspects; and the professional development of investigators’, prosecutors’ and judges’ handling of terrorism cases. 41