- Referral mechanism should be in place; - Multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral approach; - Civil society participation; - Safety and security as a key consideration throughout the rehabilitation process; - Active participation of survivors throughout the process; - Providing information on all aspects of the process to the survivor; - Information exchange between all relevant actors only with informed consent of the survivor and with due consideration to the safety, security and privacy of the survivor. Regarding remaining challenges to the effective delivery of rehabilitation services to torture survivors, the lack of official data and statistics was pointed out by the experts of the two rehabilitation centres present at the event, the Center for Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture in Rome – “Medici Contro la Tortura”, and the Center for Torture victims in Athens – “Medicines sans Frontieres”. According to the experts, the lack of official data is a key obstacle to the identification of torture victims as it also obstructs the development of validated and objective identification tools. In order to assess the vulnerability of migrants arriving at the so-called “hotspots” in Greece and to identify victims of torture as early as possible, the Greek government has recently taken steps to assume this responsibility through a medical actor (KEELPNO). The experts pointed out that such services have to be seen as a long-term endeavour and require not only financial resources but also well-trained practitioners in reception centres across the region. In Greece, where two doctors and three psychologists are sometimes responsible for 7000 people. In other OSCE participating States that accommodate big numbers of migrants and refugees, there is an evident lack of specialized personnel to identify survivors of torture and persons with vulnerabilities. It became clear during the discussion that in places where vulnerability assessments are either not in place or linked to asylum procedures, the identification of torture survivors, their referral to rehabilitation services and subsequent treatment is severely hindered or even impossible. Another key challenge faced by many rehabilitation service providers is the fact that those who are most in need of assistance are also the most difficult to reach. This may be because victims of torture are unable to reach out themselves and seek assistance due to their trauma, because of their migration status and related fears such as the lack of health care assurances or because of language barriers or concerns about financial implications. In order to address this problem, close and regular cooperation among other international, regional or local organizations working in this field such as the UNHCR was suggested. If possible, cross-organizational working groups should be established. In response to a question from participants regarding the origins and gender of victims that receive treatment at the Center for Torture victims in Athens – “Medicines sans Frontieres”, the expert explained that 80% of the survivors receiving treatment are men. Their countries of origin are DRC, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and Sudan. Women survivors are often victims of gender-based violence and domestic violence and are referred to a specialized day care center. 18