39. – A child should always be held in an establishment for juveniles rather than one for adults; 39. – Dealing with unruly children can be very challenging for staff, even in a prison setting; 39. – A medical examination is necessary to attempt to establish if the behaviour pattern has a medical explanation; 39. – Diet should be investigated; 39. – Children are as capable of inflicting serious damage as adults but they frequently, because of their youth and limited education, fail to understand fully the harm they do; 39. – One of the elements in the prison programme should be exposure to the consequences of their criminal actions; 39. – Consistent, firm but calm discipline must be imposed, with no retaliation to the violence, both verbal and physical, which is likely to be shown to staff. This is very difficult for staff to achieve. Staff must realize that these children do not understand respect and that violence will not teach them now. They will learn, if at all, by good example; 39. – Education probably has not played much of a part in their lives, except perhaps through humiliation in the classroom because of lack of ability. Participation now is to be quietly insisted on, but the form it takes might need to be very different from the “school” mode; 39. – Teaching might be one-to-one in the beginning, but the gradual introduction of group activity, where social learning can begin, is necessary; 39. – The problem of how to deal with a small number of female juvenile offenders is a difficult one for the prison administration; 39. – The first priority is that the female prisoners, whatever their age, should be held in women’s prisons; 39. – If at all possible, the juvenile female offenders should be separated from adult women; 39. – However, integration of the two groups is preferable to isolation of either. Where there is integration, the staff should be particularly vigilant to ensure that juveniles are not subject to any pressure or abuse from older women; 39. – It is likely that, once juveniles are encouraged to become involved in activities outside the drug culture, all other aspects of their lives will develop in a more positive way; 39. – Families are more likely to want to visit and the young prisoners are more likely to have something to talk to their families and friends about; 39. – Some jurisdictions may have counselling services specially set up to assist young offenders to re-establish communication with their families. Many communities have specialist provisions that might be available to prisoners; 39. – A very important consideration is that quite often it is the peer group, and the community in which it operates, which is the main problem in continuing drug abuse. It is similarly not uncommon for the families of offenders to be involved 145