IV.  APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW BY THE UNITED NATIONS and humanitarian law, particularly in the region of Darfur. For example, in 2008, they recommended that the Government of the Sudan should “carry out an impartial, transparent, and timely investigation into the attacks on villages and towns in the northern corridor and bring to justice those who were involved in serious human rights violations or crimes under international humanitarian law”.181 Human rights components with similar mandates have been established in the United Nations Assistance Missions in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and for Iraq (UNAMI) with their respective reports referring to both international human rights law and international humanitarian law.182 In its 2008 annual report on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, UNAMA recalled that, once an insurgent is hors de combat, international human rights standards to which the State is a party or which form part of customary international law are applicable. Members of the pro-Government military forces are also accountable for violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights norms.183 In 2007, UNAMI stated that “armed groups from all sides continued to target the civilian population. In doing so, these groups frequently violated the sanctity of places of religious worship, such as mosques to store weapons and ammunition, occupied civilian buildings such as schools, and disregarded the protected status of health facilities and health professionals in violation of international humanitarian and human rights laws.”184 H.  COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY AND FACT-FINDING MISSIONS One of the mechanisms to investigate gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the Security   “Ninth periodic report”.   See, for example, UNAMI, “Human Rights Report: 1 January to 31 March 2007”. Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/jan-to-march2007_engl.pdf (accessed 30 June 2011). 183    Available from http://unama.unmissions.org/Portals/UNAMA/human%20rights/ UNAMA_09februar y-Annual%20Report_PoC%202008_FINAL_11Feb09.pdf (accessed 30 June 2011) 184   “Human Rights Report: 1 January to 31 March 2007”. 181 182 113