28 GENDER PERSPECTIVES ON TORTURE: Law and Practice Commissioner for Human Rights has noted in relation to Timor-Leste, “rather than singling out victims of sexual violence, the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) rec­ ommended that the reparations be available to categories including single mothers, widows, and children affected by conflict, as well as survivors of gender-based and sexual violence, adding a layer of protection and confidentiality to female victims coming forward.”49 4. Satisfaction: Must be tailored to the particular needs of victims of gender-based violence Measures of satisfaction are designed to help restore victims’ dignity. These may involve actions aimed at cessation of violations, criminal prosecutions, acknowledgment of the wrong done to the victim and that it is not her fault, truth seeking, public apologies, and commemoration or memorialisation projects. For gender-based violence, it is crucial that measures are tailored to take into account the victims’ particular needs for dignification, which may be different than for other human rights violations or crimes, given cultural stigmas, the possible relationship between a vic­ tim and a perpetrator, and the likelihood of re-victimisation if measures are ill-conceived. Judicial proceedings regardless of their nature should take due account of victims’ particular needs for privacy and safety. Rashida Manjoo has underscored that: Judicial arenas for obtaining reparations are, however, riddled with difficulties. Procedural obstacles that victims of sexual violence have traditionally encountered in the judicial arena can amount to an experience of re-victimization, exposing women not only to psychological harm but also to reprisal, stigma and communal and family ostracism. Crucial here are both the evidentiary standards relied upon and the degree of confidentiality upheld during the reparations process.50 5. Guarantees of non-repetition: Requirement for structural changes Guarantees of non-repetition comprise the range of broad structural measures aimed to bring about a lasting change in the situation so that violations do not repeat themselves. These may involve changes in policies, legal or institutional reforms, and the promotion of human rights standards. With respect to gender-based violence, there is a need to ensure that all forms of gen­ der-based violence are criminalised, including marital rape and domestic violence. Procedures for lodging complaints should be simplified and accessible to victims, and barriers, such as the pro­ duction of medical certificates in rape cases, should be removed as a requirement for pursuing investigations. Gender-sensitive training and capacity building for security sector and law enforce­ ment institutions to respond to gender-based violence cases are essential, as are measures designed to change attitudes in society, in addition to providing practical measures, such as putting in place gender advisors in police stations to receive complaints from victims. 49 OHCHR, Analytical Study Focusing on Gender-based and Sexual Violence in Relation to Transitional Justice, ¶ 48, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/27/21 (June, 30, 2014)[hereinafter OHCHR, Analytical Study]. 50 A/HRC/14/22, supra note 11, at ¶ 35.