Executive Summary Whilst almost anything can be used to torture, punish, or inflict unnecessary pain and suffering, such acts are often committed using mass manufactured weapons and law enforcement equipment. Yet in many countries the trade in such ‘tools of torture’ is largely unregulated, allowing companies from all regions to develop, manufacture, advertise, sell and export such technologies and consequently to profit from human suffering and cruelty. This report provides information on the contemporary development, manufacture, promotion and trade in tools of torture in the Council of Europe (CoE) region, including details of CoEbased companies that have manufactured or promoted inherently cruel instruments with no legitimate law enforcement purpose; whose manufacture, supply and use should be prohibited. The report also documents a broader range of law enforcement equipment which if used in line with human rights standards has a legitimate purpose, but which is frequently misused for torture and other ill-treatment; whose manufacture, supply and use should be controlled. The report includes case studies illustrating how such equipment has been employed in torture and ill-treatment within the CoE, and provides recommendations for CoE member States to introduce and/or strengthen measures to effectively regulate this trade. The report’s key findings include: Electric shock weapons and devices: A wide range of direct contact law enforcement electric shock weapons including electric shock batons, shields and stun guns have been manufactured and/or marketed, since 2012, by companies in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and the Ukraine. From 2012, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT), Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, documented the use of such weapons in torture or ill-treatment in at least 13 CoE member States. A further range of body-worn electric shock devices intended for attachment directly to prisoners are capable of delivering up to 50,000 volt shocks; they include stun belts, stun vests and stun cuffs, activated by remote control. Such devices are currently manufactured by companies in the Americas, Africa and Asia, and have been commercially promoted by companies in all regions of the world, including by companies in Denmark, Germany, Spain and Switzerland. Mechanical restraints: If used appropriately, in conformity with human rights standards, certain mechanical restraints such as handcuffs and leg-cuffs can have an important role in the safe detention and restraint of prisoners. However since 2012, the CPT, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have documented their misuse by law enforcement officials in at least 21 CoE member States. Omega has identified companies throughout the CoE that have manufactured and/or promoted hand or leg restraints for law enforcement. Omega has also uncovered a range of restraints which have been marketed to the law enforcement community despite having no legitimate law enforcement purpose. This includes certain hand or leg restraints designed to be attached to fixed objects that have been manufactured or promoted by companies in the Czech Republic, Germany, and the Russian Federation. Other inherently inappropriate restraint devices that have been marketed within the Council of Europe region, either by CoE-based or foreign companies, for use by law enforcement officials include thumb-cuffs, weighted leg irons; and devices incorporating multiple (in some cases metal) restraints such as interrogation or restraint chairs. Kinetic impact weapons: If employed in conformity with international human rights standards, certain hand held kinetic impact (or striking) weapons, notably batons and truncheons; and launched kinetic impact projectiles such as rubber bullets can have a 5