Under international human rights law, the state is responsible for the protection of the human rights of its citizens and others under its jurisdiction. The Charter of Paris called the protection and promotion of human rights “the first responsibility of governments”.15 State obligations in international human rights law can be divided into three types: 1. Negative obligations require that the state and all its organs and agents abstain from taking any action that violates internationally recognized human rights or fundamental freedoms. Examples of violations of human rights by the state might include such acts as:  Arbitrary arrest or detention;  Torture;  Extrajudicial execution. 2. Positive obligations require that the state also protect human rights and prevent violations. This kind of obligation requires the state and its agents to take the measures necessary to prevent others from violating the rights of an individual or group. Examples of violations of such obligations include:  Failure to act when members of a group, such as an ethnic group or private security forces, attack another group or individual;  Failure to act in cases of violence against women, such as domestic violence and/or rape;  Failure to prevent discrimination;  Failure to provide remedies, restitution, and compensation for human rights violations;  Failure to enforce court decisions that would have provided remedies for human rights violations. 3. The third type of violations are programmatic in nature. Programmatic obligations include ensuring the right to:  Food;  Housing;  Work. Non-governmental entities can also be involved in perpetrating abuses of human rights. Examples of such acts by non-state entities include: 15 Adopted by the CSCE Summit in Paris, 1990. 29 3