CAT/C/RWA/CO/2 (c) Ensure that victims’ families are protected from reprisals, are allowed to participate in the proceedings and receive adequate compensation; (d) Exercise strict control over the law enforcement officials active in the north-western region to prevent them or any other person from committing human rights violations against suspected criminals. Deaths in custody 40. While noting the information provided in the replies to the list of issues that only one case of violent death in police custody has occurred since 2012, the Committee is concerned about various reports of deaths during arrests and on-site inspections and at police stations in suspicious circumstances, presumably when the victim was trying to escape, as in the cases of Alfred Nsengimana, Emmanuel Gasakure, Mahoro Jean Bosco and Eric Hashakimana. The Committee is also concerned about the alleged police killings of Muslim community members, who were reportedly suspected of collaboration with international terrorist groups, such as the Imam Muhamad Mugemangango, Channy Mbonigaba and the killing in August 2016 of three Muslim community members in Bugarama. The Committee regrets not having received any information on the investigations conducted by the State party into these cases (arts. 2, 11, 12 and 16). 41. The State party should take the necessary measures to ensure that: (a) Impartial and effective investigations, including an independent forensic examination in line with the Minnesota Protocol, are conducted promptly into all instances of death in custody, and that those responsible are prosecuted and that victims receive adequate compensation; (b) All members of the security forces receive appropriate training in the use of force, taking due account of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, which prohibit the use of lethal force except when strictly unavoidable in order to protect life. Enforced disappearance 42. While welcoming the information provided in the State party’s report with regard to the 21 cases of enforced disappearance referred to in the previous concluding observations (see CAT/C/RWA/CO/1 para. 14), the Committee remains concerned that almost all of these cases remain outstanding, including the cases of André Kagwa Rwiseraka and Augustin Cyiza. It is also disturbed at reports that enforced disappearance continues to occur, targeting, in particular, members of opposition political parties, such as Jean Damascène Munyeshyaka, mentioned in the list of issues, Illuminée Iragena, Jean Damascène Habarugira and Théophile Ntirutwa, members of the banned political party United Democratic Forces (FDU-Inkingi). The Committee is concerned at the State party’s failure to provide information on the investigations undertaken into these cases or the whereabouts of the victims (arts. 2 and 12–14). 43. The State party should take all the necessary measures to combat impunity for the crime of enforced disappearance, in particular by: (a) Ensuring that all cases of enforced disappearance, including the cases mentioned by the Committee, are investigated thoroughly and impartially, that those responsible are prosecuted and, if they are found guilty, that they receive punishment commensurate with the crime, even when the victim is not found; (b) Taking all possible action to locate persons reported missing, and ensuring that anyone who has suffered harm as a direct result of an enforced disappearance has access to all available information that could be useful in locating the missing person and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation; (c) Ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. 10