Grasping the nettle: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology 27 the Commission to introduce effective controls to ensure that medicinal products made in the EU were not exported for use in lethal injection. In addition, 168 MEPs signed a Written Declaration on the export of drugs used for the death penalty in third countries which called, “on the Commission to immediately place on Annex III of Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 drugs, including but not limited to Sodium Thiopental and Pentobarbital, that are sourced in the EU and that can be used in executions in third countries.”114 Subsequently on 20 December 2011, the Commission introduced binding measures extending the scope of Annex III of the Regulation to include, and thereby control the export of, certain dualuse drugs which have legitimate medical uses but that could also be employed for the execution of human beings, such as sodium thiopental and pentobarbital.115 These measures subsequently appear to have been reflected in the licensing practices of at least certain Member States. For example, according to its annual reports, whilst Germany granted 66 licences in 2012,116 and 49 in 2013117 for the export of such dual-use drugs to States with no record of lethal injection, it refused two license applications for these drugs in 2013, to China and Vietnam. In its paper of January 2014,118 the Commission built upon these binding measures, by proposing the introduction of a system of Union General Export Authorizations for EU exports to States that have abolished the death penalty, and individual or global export authorizations to non-abolitionist States. Amnesty International and Omega believe that these proposals are a proportionate and measured response to the risk – allowing effective regulation of the transfer of certain pharmaceutical chemicals that could be used in lethal injection protocols but which have a widespread medical utility provided EU States establish effective reporting, monitoring and revocation provisions. However, the Commission Proposals as they are currently drafted, particularly Annex IIIa and IIIb, have certain limitations which should be addressed. Firstly, Amnesty International and Omega are concerned that the list of Goods that could be used for the purpose of the death penalty referred to in Article 7b, as listed in the proposed amended version of Annex IIIa, includes only “short and intermediate acting barbiturate anaesthetic agents”.119 In practice other substances that are not classed as barbiturates have been used or explored following recent and ongoing changes in lethal injection protocols in some U.S. States. For example, in their recent analysis of lethal injection policy and practice, the Death Penalty Information Centre (DPIC) stated that, “One state …Missouri…had planned to use propofol (Diprivan), in a single-drug protocol, but has since revised its lethal injection procedure.”120 Furthermore, DPIC, stated that: “Two states have used midazolam as the first drug in a three-drug protocol: Florida and Oklahoma. Two states have used midazolam in a two-drug protocol: Ohio and Arizona. Both of their executions in 2014 were prolonged, accompanied by the inmate’s gasping. Three states have proposed using midazolam in a two-drug protocol: Louisiana, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Two states have proposed using midazolam in a three-drug protocol: Alabama and Virginia. Some states have proposed multiple protocols. Missouri administered midazolam to inmates as a sedative before the official execution protocol began.” Other chemicals that U.S. executing States have been resorting to are hydromorphone, pancuronium bromide, rocuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide.121 Amnesty International and Omega Recommendation: It is important that these additional toxic 114 European Parliament, Written Declaration, pursuant to Rule 123 of the Rules of Procedure on the export of drugs used for the death penalty in third countries, 0029/2011, tabled by Ludford, S., Busuttil, S., Gomes, A., and Lochbihler, B. on 6 June 2011. 115 European Commission, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No: 1352/2011 of 20 December 2011, amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 concerning the trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Official Journal of the European Union, 21st December 2011, L.338/31, (Annex III (4)). 116 Tätigkeitsbericht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, gemäß Artikel 13 Absatz 3 der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1236/2005 vom 27. Juni 2005, http://www.ausfuhrkontrolle.info/ausfuhrkontrolle/de/arbeitshilfen/sonstiges/sechster_taetigkeitsbericht.pdf (accessed 18 May 2015) 117 Tätigkeitsbericht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, gemäß Artikel 13 Absatz 3 der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1236/2005 vom 27. Juni 2005, http://www.ausfuhrkontrolle.info/ausfuhrkontrolle/de/arbeitshilfen/sonstiges/siebenter_taetigkeitsbericht.pdf (accessed 18 May 2015) 118 European Commission, COM (2014) 1 final, 2014/0005 (COD) (14 January 2014) op.cit. 119 European Commission, COM (2014) 1 final, 2014/0005 (COD) (14 January 2014) op.cit. 120 Death Penalty Information Centre, State by State Lethal Injection, http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-lethal-injection (accessed 14 May 2015). 121 Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions in 2014, Act 50/001/2015, April 2015, available at https://www.amnesty.org/ en/documents/act50/0001/2015/en/, p.21. Index: EUR 01/1632/2015 Amnesty International May 2015