01005729 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 Committee decided to pool labour resources for rice-production.321 He admitted that the population of Oudong had been evacuated in order to establish cooperatives with the purpose of cultivating food to counter food shortages.322 Expert Philip SHORT also considered that the practical reason for collectivisation was to organise the production of rice and to prevent the Vietnamese from disturbing its supply. 323 More important, in his view, was the ideological rationale for collectivisation: it was a choice of communism over capitalism and an attempt to enforce equality for all citizens in levels of wealth.324 116. The Chamber is satisfied that prior to 1975 there existed a CPK policy to create cooperatives, which imposed difficult working conditions on cooperative members including those who had been forcibly moved there. As noted above, there was an economic as well as an ideological reason for the collectivisation policy.325 3.3.3. Re-education of bad elements and killing of enemies 117. There is evidence to suggest that the CPK established a further policy of reeducation of “bad elements” and “smashing” those who had been found to be enemies.326 From 1971 until June 1975, KAING Guek Eav was the head of M-13 which was tasked with receiving people who had been arrested from the battlefields.327 Other security offices were established in this time period as well, such as the security office at Krang Ta Chan created in 1972.328 In security centres, those who had been accused of being spies, or who were perceived as enemies, were interrogated and smashed.329 To “smash” meant more than just to kill; it meant to arrest secretly, to interrogate and execute a person without the knowledge of family 321 T. 30 January 2012 (NUON Chea), pp. 3-6. T. 30 January 2012 (NUON Chea), p. 12. 323 T. 6 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), p. 95. 324 T. 6 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), pp. 28-30; See also, T. 11 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD), p. 14-16; T. 18 July 2012 (David CHANDLER), pp. 44-45. 325 See Section 10: Movement of the Population (Phase One), para. 534. 326 T. 20 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 18; T. 21 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 24; T. 29 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 15; T. 2 April 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 73; T. 9 April 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), pp. 4-5; Revolutionary Flag, E3/11, September 1977, p. 24, ERN (En) 00486235; KAING Guek Eav Trial Judgement, para. 99; T. 18 May 2009 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 15. 327 T. 19 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), pp. 40-41; T. 20 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), p. 15. 328 PHAN Chhen Interview Record, E3/72, 2 March 2010, ERN (En) 00490542. 329 T. 19 March 2012 (KAING Guek Eav), pp. 41, 49; Revolutionary Flag, E3/5, August 1975, p. 8, ERN (En) 00401483 (elimination of government agents, spies and pacifist agents was also described as part of the outcome of the process of establishing cooperatives). 322 Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 62