01005755 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 3.6. Refugee Conditions and Food Shortages in Phnom Penh 157. From 1970-1975 there was an influx of refugees461 from the countryside into Phnom Penh, increasing the city’s population from around 0.5 million in 1970-71 to an estimated 2 to 2.5 million in April 1975.462 According to François PONCHAUD, who was working with a refugee organisation in Phnom Penh, people were fleeing the outskirts of Phnom Penh); T. 29 January 2013 (Al ROCKOFF), pp. 41-43 (after the Americans stopped bombing, the Khmer Air Force had limited resources and was conservative in how they deployed people and planned operations); T. 11 July 2013 (Stephen HEDER), pp. 75 (after 15 August 1973, U.S. bombing completely ended, but Khmer Republic air force bombing continued as did shelling by Khmer Republic ground forces). 461 As used in this section, “refugee” refers to persons who were displaced from their homes. However, these individuals would likely be classified as “Internally Displaced Persons” (IDPs) under international human rights and humanitarian law. See Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc. E/CN./4/1998/53/Add.2, 17 April 1998 (defining Internally Displaced Persons as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border”); Cf. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 UNTS 150, Art. 1(A)(2) (including within the definition of refugee the requirement that a person be outside the country of his or her nationality.) 462 T. 23 July 2012 (David CHANDLER), pp. 45-47; T. 9 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD), p. 16; T. 11 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD), pp. 27, 40; Book by S. SCHANBERG: Cambodia Diary 1975, E236/1/4/3.1, pp. 5, 7, 15, 37, ERN (En) 00898217-20; T. 29 January 2013 (Al ROCKOFF) pp. 6-7, 47; T. 13 December 2012 (Denise AFFONÇO), p. 75; U.S. State Department Telegram, Subject: Recent Movement of Khmer Refugees to Neak Loeung, E3/4185, 10 July 1974 (reporting on the displacement of 14,300 refugees form insurgent controlled areas to government positions at Neak Loeung); T. 12 December 2012 (Denise AFFONÇO), pp. 64-67 (every day saw crowds of refugees who had been evacuated from neighbouring villages trooping into town, they told her what was happening in their villages. The capital was the only place where they could find a certain level of safety); T. 13 December 2012 (Denise AFFONÇO), pp. 75-76 (every day crowds of refugees arrived in Phnom Penh. The city then was about 2 million inhabitants. With all the refugees entering the city, there were more than 3 million of inhabitants before the evacuation); T. 22 November 2012 (MEAS Saran), pp. 50-53, 69 (there was a great influx of people into Phnom Penh as the Khmer Rouge forces pushed closer to the city in the days before its evacuation; in fact, the population of Phnom Penh had tripled because of the newcomers. The increased population crowded the city, and life was not easy); World Vision International Letter, E3/4188, 3 May 1971 (reporting in 1971 that the once crowded city of 750,000 has now swelled to over 1.5 million); T. 6 June 2013 (Sydney SCHANBERG), p. 58 (the city had grown from one million to two million, the extra million were people who fled into Phnom Penh and there wasn't enough food); T. 7 June 2013 (Sydney SCHANBERG), p. 49 (citing Book by P. SHORT: Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare, E3/9, 2004, p. 216, ERN (En) 00396416, “The population of Phnom Penh, which consisted of 671,000 inhabitants [in 1970] exceeded one million at the end of the year [1970] and reached 2.5 million in 1975.”); T. 11 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD), pp. 16, 38 (“We could say 2 to 3 million, but these are estimates.”), (these are estimates, “there were simply no statistics.”); Cambodia Can Hold Out With Essential Aid (in FBIS Collection), E3/118, 5 April 1975, ERN (En) 00166915 (noting there are at least two million refugees in Phnom Penh area and they have to be fed); T. 9 April 2013 (François PONCHAUD), p. 16 (there could have been 2 to 3 million people in Phnom Penh at that time); See also, Revolutionary Flag, E3/166, Februrary-March 1976, p. 13, ERN (En) 00517825 (refers to “the more than two million people who had recently been evacuated from the various cities.”). Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 88