European legal and policy framework on immigration detention of children Table 9: Selected standards on detention conditions under EU, CoE and UN instruments Conditions Detention conditions take into consideration needs of the child European Union • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 (2) • Return Directive, Article 17 (4) United Nations • ECtHR, Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium, paras. 100–102. • ECtHR, Muskhadzhieyeva v. Belgium, paras. 74–75 • ECtHR, Popov v. France, paras. 118–120 • CPT Standards, Factsheet on immigration detention, at point 10 • CRC, Article 37 (c) • CRC, Article 28 • CRC General Comment No. 6, para. 63 • UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (Havana Rules), para. 38 Right to education • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 • Return Directive, Article 17 (3) • ECHR, Protocol No. 1, Article 2 • Committee of Ministers, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, guideline 11.3 Right to healthcare • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 (1) • Return Directive, Article 16 (3) • CRC, Article 24 • PACE Resolution 1810 (2011), para 5.13 • CRC General • CPT Standards, Factsheet on Comment No. 6, immigration detention, at point 10 para. 63 Right to recreation/ leisure • Reception Conditions Directive, Articles 11 and 12 • Return Directive, Article 17 (3) • Committee of Ministers, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, guideline 11.3 • CPT Standards, Factsheet on immigration detention, at point 10 • CRC, Article 31 • CRC General Comment No. 6, para. 63 Right not to be separated from parents/ family unity • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 (4) (as far as possible) and Article 2 • Return Directive, Article 14 (1) (a) • ECtHR, Popov v. France, para. 134. • PACE Recommendation 1985 (2011), para. 9.4.4 • Committee of Ministers, Recommendation (2003) 5, para. 21 • CPT Standards, Factsheet on immigration detention, at point 10 • CRC, Article 9 (1) Separation from nonrelated adults • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 (3) • Return Directive, Article 17 (2) • Committee of Ministers, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, guideline 11.2 • CRC, Article 37 (c) • PACE Resolution 1810 (2011), para. 5.9 • CRC General • PACE Recommendation Comment No. 6, 1985 (2011), para. 9.4.4 para. 63 • CPT Standards, Factsheet on immigration detention, at point 10 Separation between men and women • Reception Conditions Directive, Article 11 (5) • Reception Conditions Contact with Directive, Article 10 (4) family members • Return Directive, Article 16 (2) Source: FRA, 2017 72 Council of Europe • ECtHR, Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium, paras. 75–87 • Committee of Ministers, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, guideline 10.5 • Committee of Ministers, Guidelines on child-friendly justice (17 November 2010), Chapter IV, para. 21 a • CRC, Articles 9 (4) and 37 (c) • CRC General Comment No. 6, para. 63