lawyers) either to engage in or ignore the use of such practices. Addressing these questions is central to assisting states in the OSCE region in complying with their commitments to eradicate torture and other ill-treatment. 7. This publication maps some key areas in criminal justice systems across the OSCE region in which incentives to use torture and other ill-treatment exist, as well as some of the factors that facilitate these practices through practical examples.14 In order to obtain further up-to-date information and the perspectives of national and international experts on torture prevention, ODIHR and Fair Trials commissioned a survey of CSOs based in 13 different countries across the OSCE region, as well as of relevant international civil society organizations.15 Drawing on the responses from that survey, supplemented by additional research, this paper maps incentives for torture, with a focus on those 13 countries to provide examples of both practices that raise concern and those that are promising in addressing torture and other ill-treatment. These have helped inform policy recommendations applicable for all OSCE participating States. 8. Each section of this report includes examples from OSCE participating States of specific challenges and possible incentives for torture and other ill-treatment. These examples are illustrative, rather than exhaustive, as not all OSCE participating States were examined for this publication. The examples given in this publication strive to provide a regional balance within the sub-regions of the OSCE. ODIHR may conduct further research into other OSCE participating States and existing incentives for torture in other jurisdictions as follow-up to this publication. Whether a participating State is mentioned – or not mentioned – is intended neither to indicate the full scope of challenges nor promising practices in any given place. 9. This paper is not a comprehensive analysis of the situation across the OSCE region. Instead, it presents a broad picture of areas of concern and possible ways to address incentives for torture, in order to assist all 57 OSCE participating States in their efforts to eradicate torture and other ill-treatment, with the aim of making the OSCE region a torture-free zone. 14 A total of 185 practical examples/country references from 37 OSCE participating States are contained in this publication. For the list of contributing organizations, see preface – acknowledgments. The 13 OSCE pS and the relevant CSOs have been selected in close collaboration with the OSCE Civic Solidarity Platform (CSP) aiming to strike a regional balance and to identify highly specialized national nongovernmental organizations. 15 11