Compendium of Standards, Good Practices and Recommendations skills and personnel. Even if the requirements in question are “facially neutral” (i.e., they do not refer to religion at all), they may, nevertheless, constitute a form of indirect religious discrimination. The same applies to non-religious service personnel obliged to take part in military practices or traditions that have a religious origin or nature, such as swearing a religious oath or participating in a religious ceremony (see Box 9.2). 335 International Human Rights Standards Freedom of religion or belief is recognized under the major human rights treaties, as shown in Box 9.3. Box 9.3: Excerpts from human rights instruments that recognize freedom of religion or belief UDHR, Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. ICCPR, Article 18 1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. 2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice. 3. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. ECHR, Article 9 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. 335 See: European Court for Human Rights, Alexandridis v. Greece (Application no. 19516/06, judgment of 21 February 2008), paras. 36-41); and Dimitras and Others v. Greece (No. 2) (Application nos. 34207/08 and 6365/09, judgment of 3 November 2011) and Dimitras and Others v. Greece (No. 3) (Application nos. 44077/09, 15369/10 and 41345/10, judgment of 8 January 2013). All cases dealt with the oath-swearing ceremonies. 147