various different activities and external areas. The time taken up by movements needs to be thought out, in order to enable persons to re-establish or learn a rhythm of organisation of their time and use of space appropriate to the social rules in force: getting up early enough to arrive at school on time, equipping oneself with clothes suitable for the different seasons etc. The spaces need to be designed in a dynamic manner permitting flexibility of use, so as to enable the implementation of uses which may be different according to the subsequently defined institutional project and the development thereof. Some prisons and hospitalisation units may opt to require inmates to spend their time in collective areas during the day and prohibit access to cells and rooms; others may, for example, choose to leave prisoners the option, for half-days, of remaining alone in their cells or going to a collective area; elsewhere, provision may be made for eating meals in a refectory, cooked in a collective room or distributed and eaten alone in cells etc. The design of premises needs to enable this variety of choices and the making of changes thereto. Alongside premises designed to avoid the loss of, or permit the learning of, the indispensable rules of autonomous life, others need to be equipped with a view to enabling the learning of these rules. Such is the case with regard to intensive treatment rooms in hospitals, also referred to as seclusion rooms. The design of these premises needs to take into account the fact that one of the objectives of placement in these rooms is to prepare for discharge and return to the unit of admission. Intensive treatment rooms do not always have security entrances. Where they exist, they constitute both a security device, enabling staff who open the first door not to be immediately confronted with the patient in crisis, as well as a room making it possible to differentiate the place in which the person suffers, sleeps and receives visits from medical staff, from the place in which meals are eaten, in which there is a return towards a certain form of autonomy. Where these security entrances do not exist, patients are, de facto, obliged to eat their meals in the room, in many cases confined to the bed, due to lack of suitable tables and chairs. One institution inspected had created “micro-units”, completely separated from other units and making it possible to cater for two patients in intensive treatment rooms and one patient in a room identical to the other rooms, with one bed, serving as a place for calming down. Between the two intensive treatment rooms and the calming-down room, a living area had been fitted out, equipped with two tables, each equipped with four chairs, a coffee table, six armchairs and a unit with a television set. In view of the above-quoted experiment and the opinion of the professionals concerned, the creation of this type of facilities in hospitals makes it possible to provide greater space to patients placed in seclusion rooms, which contributes to reducing the time spent under this measure of restraint and encourages progressive return to a more autonomous life in the units of admission. 2.2.2 Greater Ease of Access to External Areas for Captives Gaining access to external areas is an essential question, with regard to persons confined in treatment units and prison wings. The layout of these areas should enable easy access, as often and freely as possible, and provide material conditions making them pleasant to live in. In Hospital As emerges from the majority of inspections, psychiatric treatment units are in most cases closed, in the name of protection in view of risks – running away, bringing-in of alcohol and 145