Article 2. Obligation to Prevent Torture 83 and criminal sanctions such as flogging and stoning by law,66 and to prohibit hazing in the armed forces.67 31  A the same time, legislative measures by themselves are not deemed sufficient. For example its Concluding Observations on Peru, the Committee expressed the opinion that the legislative and administrative measures adopted in order to comply with the Convention were not effective and therefore did not meet the requirement of Article 2(1).68 This is also why the Committee usually recommends States parties to take a combination of measures, ie a mix of legislative, administrative, judicial, as well as practical implementation measures. One example in this regard is that in connection with implementation of the Convention and legislative measures to this end, States parties should at the same time make sure that public officials, judges, magistrates, prosecutors, and lawyers receive training so that they can apply the Convention and the jurisprudence of the Committee.69 3.1.2.2 Detention and Interrogation Safeguards 32  The Committee has confirmed on many occasions that Article 2 requires the guarantee of a number of fundamental safeguards of suspected persons without which torture and other ill-​treatment would be more likely to occur.70 Also in the inquiry procedure, in finding that torture was systematically practiced in Lebanon, the Committee put particular emphasis on the lack of adequate legislation and implementation of fundamental legal safeguards.71 These rights include, inter alia, the right of prompt, unimpeded, confidential access to a lawyer, including during detention and if necessary to legal aid from the moment of the arrest and irrespective of the nature of the alleged crime.72 Furthermore, notification of relatives73 and access to an independent medical assistance, without the presence of an officer, or at least out of hearing of authorities and free of charge should be ensured.74   CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Qatar’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/​C/​QAT/​CO/​2, para 12.   CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Russia’ (2012) UN Doc CAT/​C/​RUS/​CO/​5, para 16. 68   A/​50/​44, paras  62–​73. 69   CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Rwanda’ (2012) UN Doc CAT/​C/​RWA/​CO/​1, para 8; CAT/​C/​MRT/​ CO/​1 (n 60) para 9; CAT/​C/​NLD/​CO/​5-​6 (n 60) para 9; CAT/​C/​NZL/​CO/​6 (n 60) para 8. 70   See also below Art 11, 3.5.2. 71   The Committee has found that the systematic practise of torture ‘seems to a large extent to be the result of the liberate disregard for fundamental legal safeguards’ and that the lack of granting the right to a lawyer and to an independent medical examination ‘contribute to the impunity of perpetrators’: Report of the Committee against Torture to the General Assembly, A/​69/​44, Annex VIII, para 32ff. See also below Art 20. 72  CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Armenia’ (2012) UN Doc CAT/​ C/​ ARM/​ CO/​ 3, para 11, CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Austria’ (2010) UN Doc CAT/​ C/​ AUT/​ CO/​ 4-​ 5, para 11; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Azerbaijan’ (2009) UN Doc CAT/​C/​AZE/​CO/​3, para 11; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Azerbaijan’ (2016) UN Doc CAT/​ C/​ AZE/​ CO/​ 4 (n 72)  para 12; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Belarus’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/​C/​BLR/​CO/​4, para 6; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Mexico’ (2012) UN Doc CAT/​ C/​ MEX/​ CO/​ 5-​ 6, para 9; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Mongolia’ (2011) CAT/​C/​MNG/​CO/​1, para 8; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Montenegro’ (2014) UN Doc CAT/​C/​ MNE/​ CO/​ 2, para 7; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Morocco’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/​ C/​ MAR/​ CO/​ 4, para 7; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Paraguay’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/​C/​PRY/​CO/​4-​6, 11; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Philippines’ (2009) UN Doc CAT/​C/​PHL/​CO/​2, para 7; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Poland’ (2013) CAT/​C/​POL/​CO/​5-​6, para  8. 73   CAT/​C/​SR.51, para 34; CAT/​C/​SR.130, para 13; CAT/​C/​SR.201, paras 16 and 26; CAT/​C/​SR.234, para 79; CAT/​C/​24/​3, para 21. CAT/​C/​ARM/​CO/​3 (n 72)  para 11. CAT/​C/​AZE/​CO/​4 (n 72)  para 12. CAT/​C/​BLR/​CO/​4 (n 72)  para 6.  CAT, ‘Concluding Observations:  Mauritius’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/​C/​ MUS/​CO/​3, para  10. 74   A/​48/​44/​Add.1, para 26; CAT/​C/​SR.50, para 21; CAT/​C/​SR.91 (n 56) para 56; CAT/​C/​SR.201 (n 73) paras 16 and 26; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Andorra’ (2013) CAT/​C/​AND/​CO/​1, para 8; CAT/​ C/​ARM/​CO/​3 (n 72) para 11; CAT/​C/​AZE/​CO/​3 (n 72) para 11. CAT/​C/​AZE/​CO/​4, para 12; CAT/​C/​ BLR/​CO/​4 (n 72) para 6; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Portugal’ (2008) UN Doc CAT/​C/​PRT/​CO/​4, 66 67 Zach