STATES OF EMERGENCY Security measures and criminal law must not be retroactive: ● No one may be held guilty of any criminal offence which was not an offence at the time it was committed ● No one may be subjected to a heavier penalty than that which was applicable at the time the offence was committed ● If the penalty for an offence is reduced by law after commission of the offence, the offender must receive the lighter penalty OHCHR Police Trainer’s Guide Session 9 (States of Emergency)/3 125