-13 they take follow-up actions16 and interventions? It is helpful to systematically ask: What is the concrete goal/what should be different after a meeting or workshop with an authority? How would you recognise the difference? How would others recognise the difference? 2.2. Look at the whole picture instead of focusing only on parts and elements Meaning of the principle - the basic idea As mentioned, systems thinking focuses on systems and the ways that they interrelate and interact with each other and their environment. Identifying and knowing the broader picture and the interrelatedness of the different systems is crucial for a better understanding of the situation at hand. It helps not getting lost in narrow and ‘silo’ thinking, but leads to thinking ‘outside the box’. Such a holistic look requires conscious efforts to: • Understand the system by mapping its different elements and how it is embedded in the broader environment. • Know and map existing stakeholders17 and the relationships between them (see also Principle 5). A basic assumption is that the more holistic a view is taken, the more insights on problems and potentials as well as on ideas for effective interventions there will be. A helpful way of bringing this principle to life is to imagine looking through a camera: while undertaking a specific and concrete action (zooming in on the problem), we always take the time to step back and try to observe the bigger picture (zooming out) in which our intervention takes place. Application of the principle in preventive monitoring The relevance of this principle is strongly stressed in preventive monitoring, 16. BIM/HRIC, 87 et seq.; APT, ‘Strategies and Tools for Effective Follow-Up to Recommendations’ (APT 2019) <https://www.apt.ch/en/resources/publications/strategies-and-tools-effective-follow-recommendations> [hereinafter: APT, Strategies]. 17. For a description on how to map stakeholders, see Building Block 4 of an effective NPM follow-up strategy: BIM/HRIC, 99. Systemic Thinking in Preventive Human Rights Monitoring